logical language - Developers

Table 4: Values of Vr by Stem, Pattern, and Function
Function (see Sec. 5.1)
Pattern 1 Pattern 2 Pattern 3
Stem 1 Stem 2 Stem 3 Stem 1 Stem 2 Stem 3 Stem 1 Stem 2 Stem 3
STATIVE (a) e u o ö î / û â ê ô
DYNAMIC i ai ei au eu iu ia / ua ie / ue io / uo
MANIFESTIVE ui ü / ou ëi ae ea oa üa / aì iù / uì iö / uö
DESCRIPTIVE oi eo eö oe öe ëu üo / oì üe / eì üö / aù
In the sections below where we analyze the semantics of stems, all examples are given in the STATIVE function, as this corresponds to
the most common (or default) function of a formative. Thus, the forms we will analyze are:
Pattern 1 Pattern 2 Pattern 3
Stem 1 Stem 2 Stem 3 Stem 1 Stem 2 Stem 3 Stem 1 Stem 2 Stem 3
(a)C- eC- uC- oC- öC- îC- / ûC- âC- êC- ôC-
where C- represents the root consonant form Cr.
2.3 SEMANTIC INSTANTIATION OF STEMS
We can now examine how each root instantiates meaning into the above array of stems. We will start with the three stems associated
with Pattern 1; these are the holistic stems. This will be followed in a subsequent section by an analysis of the twelve stems associated
with Patterns 2 and 3, the complementary stems.
2.3.1 Holistic Stems
The three stems for Pattern 1 are designated by the Vr affixes (a-), e-, and u- respectively. Thus, the root -d- ‘NAME/DESIGNATION’
generates the following stems:
1. (a)d-‘name of something or someone; to name something or someone’
2. ed- ‘designation or reference; to assign a designation, to refer to something’
3. ud- ‘a (temporary or informal) reference, “nickname”; to give a (temporary or informal) reference or name to, to
(temporarily) nickname’
The semantic relationship between each stem and the underlying root is specific to each root. Nevertheless, certain patterns are
common. Stem 1 usually refers to the most fundamental, basic, generalized, or common manifestation of the root concept, while Stem
2 is a more specific application or tangible manifestation thereof, or otherwise a subset of the meaning of Stem 1. Stem 3 may
represent yet a further manifestation of the root, a further subset of Stem 1, or a tangential or related concept. For example, compare
the relationship between the individual stems for the root -d- above with that of the root -x- (‘VISION/SIGHT’) below.
1. (a)x- ‘a sighting, an act of seeing something; to see something’
2. ex- ‘an eye; to be an eye/become an eye/use one’s eye, etc.’
3. ux- ‘an image in one’s mind; to visualize, to picture in one’s mind’