logical language - Developers

4)
Ultimate stress. Polysyllabic words which have ultimate stress indicate this in one of the following ways:
the unmarked vowels a, e, i, o, u, and the marked disyllabic vowels ì and ù take an acute accent, e.g., á, é, í, ó,
ú.
if the vowel to be stressed already carries a diacritic mark (other than the grave accent) and the vowel, diphthong,
or syllabic liquid or nasal in the penultimate syllable does not, then this penultimate syllable takes a grave accent,
e.g., ròihnâl.
If the word has at least three syllables and the vowels or diphthongs in the last two syllables carry diacritics, then
a grave accent over the antepenultimate (third-from-last) syllable implies ultimate stress (as the grave accent
would be unnecessary if the word carried penultimate stress), e.g. òspâtlök.
if the vowels (or diphthongs) in both the ultimate and penultimate syllables already have diacritic marks (other
than the grave accent), and there is no antepenultimate syllable (or it, too, carries a pre-existing diacritic), then the
stressed vowel is written double, e.g., ksûtpöör.
5) Antepenultimate stress. To show antepenultimate stress (third syllable from the end):
if the stressed vowel (or diphthong or syllabic liquid or nasal consonant) does not carry a diacritic (other than the
grave accent), it takes the acute accent, e.g., áksiyor
if the stressed vowel already has a diacritic (other than the grave accent), then use the grave accent plus the lack
of acute accent on the ultimate syllable or other non-diacriticized vowels to indicate stress, e.g., ëitlàrrun,
ôrümzìl. (Note that the use of the grave accent over the i in ôrümzìl would be unnecessary if the word carried
penultimate stress, therefore its presence implies antepenultimate stress).
if existing diacritics prevent clear indication using the above rules, then the stressed vowel is written doubled, e.g.,
öömolûk.
See Section 1.2.3.1 on the optional separation of diphthongs into separate syllables to increase the number of
syllables for purposes of applying antepenultimate stress.
6) Preantepenultimate stress. To show preantepenultimate stress (i.e., fourth syllable from the end) apply the same rules
as for antepenultimate stress above, but to the preantepenultimate syllable. See Section 1.2.3.1 on the optional
separation of diphthongs into separate syllables to increase the number of syllables for purposes of applying
preantepenultimate stress.
NOTE: Monosyllabic words in Ithkuil are to be interpreted grammatically as having the equivalent of penultimate stress. When
necessary to gramatically indicate the equivalent ultimate or antepenultimate stress on a monosyllabic word, extra syllables (the
vowel -a-) are added to the word in order to allow the necessary ultimate or antepenultimate syllable to be stressed, e.g., kust
→ kustá, kust → ákusta.
1.4 PHONOTACTIC RULES
In addition to phonological processes such as gemination, stress-shifting, and tone, all languages employ their own individual
and arbitrary rules as to what combinations of consonants and vowels are permissible in a syllable or word. This concept is
called phonotaxis and such rules are known as phonotactical rules. These rules, peculiar to each language, explain, for
example, why sprelch could be a hypothetical word in English, while znatk could not be, even though znatk is as easily
pronounced by a linguist as sprelch. Rules governing syllable structure, diphthong formation, and overall phonetic euphony are
all part of phonotaxis
Equally important are the optional rules each language employs to achieve euphony and greater ease of pronunciation, known
as phonaesthetics or phonaesthetic rules. Together, phonotaxis and phonaesthetics are greatly responsible for the phonetic