2009 Proceedings of the Cornell Nutrition Conference For Feed ...

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Table 1. Breakpoint estimates for required concentrations of Lys and Met in MP for maximal content and yield of milk protein for the NRC, CPM, and AMTS models. Item Optimal Optimal NRC Model Lys r Lys Met 2 Met r 2 Optimal Lys/Met Content of milk protein 6.80 2.29 .82 .75 2.97 Yield of milk protein 7.10 2.52 .65 CPM Model .36 2.82 Content of milk protein 7.46 2.57 .83 .73 2.90 Yield of milk protein 7.51 2.50 .53 .46 3.00 AMTS Model Content of milk protein 6.68 2.40 .83 .76 2.78 Yield of milk protein 6.74 2.31 .65 .38 2.92 to the small intestine (O’Connor et al., 1993). Prediction models based on the factorial method require the assignment of AA values to model-predicted supplies of ruminally synthesized microbial protein, RUP, and if predicted, endogenous protein. CPM-Dairy (v.3.0.10) uses CNCPSv.5 and AMTS.Cattle (v.2.1.1) uses CNCPSv.6. The latest version of CNCPS has expanded CHO pools, modified CHO A1-B1 degradation rates, the soluble fractions (e.g., sugar, NPN) flow with the liquid phase instead of the solid phase, and the passage rate equations have been updated. The result of these and other changes have led to reductions in ruminal CHO degradation, higher RUP and lower microbial protein flows, and lower predicted flows of Lys and Met to the small intestine, as compared to CPM-Dairy. MAXIMIZING MILK COMPONENTS AND MP UTILIZATION THROUGH AA FORMULATION We consider the following 5 steps as being important to maximizing milk components and MP utilization through AA formulation. A brief discussion of each step follows. Step #1: Feed a blend of high quality forages, processed grains, and byproduct feeds to provide a blend of fermentable carbohydrates and physically effective fiber that maximizes feed intake, milk production, and yield of microbial protein Microbial protein, based on research to date, has an excellent AA composition for lactating dairy cows. The average reported concentrations of Lys and Met in bacterial true protein approximate 7.9% and 2.6%, respectively; values that exceed the concentrations in nearly all feed proteins (NRC, 2001), and values that exceed the optimal concentrations in MP as estimated by the NRC (2001), CPM-Dairy (v.3.0.10) 7
and AMTS.Cattle (v.2.1.1) models (Table 1). Realizing maximal benefits of feeding a balanced supply of fermentable carbohydrates on feed intake, milk production, and yields of microbial protein requires use of high quality feeds, adequate intakes of physically effective fiber, well-balanced and consistent diets, unlimited supplies of fresh water, and superior bunk management. Step #2: Feed adequate but not excessive levels of RDP to meet rumen bacterial requirements for AA and ammonia Realizing the benefits of feeding a balances supply of fermentable carbohydrates on maximizing yields of microbial protein also requires balancing diets for RDP. Rumen degraded feed protein is the second largest requirement for rumen microorganisms. It supplies the microorganisms with peptides, AA, and ammonia that are needed for microbial protein synthesis. The amount of RDP required in the diet is determined by the amount of fermentable carbohydrates in the diet. Diet evaluation models differ slightly in their estimates of RDP in feeds. The NRC (2001) model typically predicts RDP requirements of 10 to 11% of diet DM. Monitor feed intake, fecal consistency, milk/feed ratios, and MUN to make the final decision. A common target value for MUN is 10-12 mg/dl. Don’t short-change the cows on RDP…carbohydrate balancing can be negated with an inadequate supply of RDP. A deficiency of RDP will suppress the ability of the microorganisms to reproduce, but they can continue to ferment carbohydrates. This results in higher feed intake, but milk/feed ratios will be low because of lower than expected synthesis of microbial protein. Avoid over-feeding feeding RDP to the point that rumen ammonia concentrations markedly exceed bacterial requirements. Not only does it result in wastage of RDP, but research (e.g., Boucher et al., 2007), as well as a summary of N passage studies where rumen ammonia concentrations were also measured (Peter Robinson, personal communication), indicate that rumen ammonia concentrations in excess of bacterial requirements decreases flows of microbial protein to the small intestine. Step #3: Feed high-Lys protein supplements to achieve a level of Lys in MP that comes as close as possible to meeting the optimal concentration (see Table 1) If protein supplementation is required, select high quality, high-Lys protein supplements (e.g., soybean and canola meals, blood meal, and fishmeal). Feeding low- Lys feeds such as distiller’s grains or corn gluten meal as sources of additional protein is not consistent with balancing for AA. Purposely selecting high-Lys protein supplements has been the only option, at least until the recent release of the first rumen-protected Lys sources on the market, to at least partially compensate for the low content of Lys in the RUP fractions from forages, grains and distiller’s grains. Achieving target formulation levels for Lys in MP will become easier, and the value of lower Lys protein supplements extended, if these rumen-protected Lys products can be demonstrated to be cost effective sources of MP-Lys. 8
Page 1 and 2: 2009 Proceedings of the Cornell Nut
Page 3 and 4: 2009 Cornell Nutrition Conference f
Page 5 and 6: Conference Staff, Speakers and Admi
Page 7 and 8: predicted flows of MP. Because they
Page 9 and 10: Figure 1. Revised NRC (2001) Lys an
Page 11: Figure 3. Lys and Met plots for mil
Page 15 and 16: MP on increasing the efficiency of
Page 17 and 18: high cows for both years were very
Page 19 and 20: Garthwaite, B. D., C. G. Schwab, an
Page 21 and 22: CHALLENGES OF PREDICTING METABOLIZA
Page 23 and 24: Figure 1. Chemical structure of lys
Page 25 and 26: Table 1. Blocked RUP-Lys and reacti
Page 27 and 28: and in vitro digestibility. However
Page 29 and 30: Table 4. Results from 265 blood mea
Page 31 and 32: ACKNOWLEGEMENTS The data summary of
Page 33 and 34: THE CORNELL NET CARBOHYDRATE AND PR
Page 35 and 36: If this overall value is more appro
Page 37 and 38: mean values for efficiency of use f
Page 39 and 40: efficiency of use of particular AA
Page 41 and 42: Fox, and W. Chalupa.1993. A net car
Page 43 and 44: RECENT RESEARCH WITH LOW-STARCH DIE
Page 45 and 46: Table 1 continued. Dietary content,
Page 47 and 48: Voelker and Allen (2003abc) replace
Page 49 and 50: fermentable starch (3.5%-units) was
Page 51 and 52: monitor the cow’s performance, an
Page 53 and 54: ESTIMATING INTESTINAL DIGESTIBILITY
Page 55 and 56: digestibility within feeds will all
Page 57 and 58: Table 1. Average in vivo AA and RUP
Page 59 and 60: presented in Table 3. Crude protein
Page 61 and 62: human foodstuffs, and originally re
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Novus International. 2008. IDEA. Po
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the present study was to quantify t
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experiments. However, the final wei
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This is surprising in view of the c
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REFINING NITROGEN FEEDING USING CUR
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ecycled urea-N contributed 37.5% of
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observed for DMI nor milk measureme
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procedure described here contains 8
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Table 4. Protozoal predation of bac
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Marini, J. C. and M. S. Attene-Ramo
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of digestion. This involves refinem
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three hours was instead used, as an
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Table 1: Comparison between the non
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improve recovery of lignin particle
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a reverse-phase column. Ether-linke
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Figure 3: Relationship between 24hr
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Figure 7: Relationship between 96hr
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Ellis, W. C., M. Mahlooji and J.H.
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EFFECT OF TYPE AND LENGTH OF DIETAR
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intake data, the cattle fed the By-
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cases of the diseases of interest:
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for prediction of disease. The cate
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Table 1. Receiver operator characte
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INTEGRATING NUTRITIONAL AND GROUPIN
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In a study conducted in a similar m
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and 109°F (THI 94) during the stud
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Gonzalez, M., A. K. Yabuta, and F.
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In the past 20 years there has been
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Dinosaur diets The plants eaten by
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Figure 2 A,B,C,D: The relation betw
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of fiber than ruminants while equid
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supports the hypothesis that the fi
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PHIDDLING WITH PHENYLALANINE: INFLU
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competition of large neutral amino
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A mixture of indispensable and semi
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and in other experiments that are n
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Table 4. Growth, feed intakes, PAH
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Lu, J. and R.E. Austic. 2009. Pheny
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During the late 1700s in Europe, th
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of energy and protein nutrition bec
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elated to the involvement of sodium
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In practical nutrition, it is impor
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Johnson, R. A. 1963. Habitat prefer
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INTERPRETING AND IMPLEMENTING STARC
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in starch content and corn silages,
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INTERPRETING AND IMPLEMENTING STARC
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All of the guidelines for starch di
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Feedstuff N DM range IVSD 7 SD Corn
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nonstructural carbohydrate / rumen
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ANALYTICAL METHODS For good estimat
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Larson, J., and P. C. Hoffman. 2008
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Key Data In50 years, the world popu
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With respect to increasing output,
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THE CONSUMER PERSPECTIVE When it co
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they want most in their food, consu
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devastating in poor nations where e
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additive for swine can reduce manur
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DeCamp, S., Hankins, S., Carroll, A
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DEMYSTIFYING THE ENVIRONMENTAL SUST
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The „good old days‟ of dairy pr
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„Grass-fed‟ beef production The
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RECONCILING GLOBAL AND NATIONAL EMI
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production, without negatively impa
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assumed to be produced with similar
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continent by the tractor trailer, a
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REFERENCES Anon. 2006. Road to reco
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http://faostat.fao.org/DesktopDefau
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etail milk supply. The first repres
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eliable recommendations about the h
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nearly identical whereas MUFA was d
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higher trans-11 18:1 and lower cont
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diets varied on organic farms and s
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Jensen, R. G. 1999. Fatty acid prof
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the optimum standing NDF is 38% for
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It is clear that fiber and lignin a
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Figure 3. From: Progressive Dairyma
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AMMONIA EMISSIONS FROM DAIRY BARNS:
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lactating cow’s energy requiremen
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exhaust duct per chamber. Stainless
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(Harper et al., 2009) are significa
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REFERENCES Aillery, M., N. Gollehon
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FEEDING LOW CRUDE PROTEIN RATIONS T
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- There was an increase in % milk t
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formulating rations is a tool routi
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REFERENCES .Higgs, R.J. 2009. Nitro
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