2009 Proceedings of the Cornell Nutrition Conference For Feed ...

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impact the AA profile of metabolizable protein (MP) if other feedstuffs that are high in RUP-Lys are not included in the diet. These effects are further confounded by the fact that RUP digestibility of DDGS is lower than corn meal, and RUP-Lys digestibility for DDGS is lower than the digestibility of the other AA (Boucher et al., 2009a). Therefore, the inferior AA profile of MP that results when feeding DDGS can be further exacerbated by the decrease in digestibility of RUP and RUP-Lys. Decreases in milk protein concentrations have been reported when DDGS replaced corn meal and SBM in the diet of lactating cows (Kleinschmit et al., 2006) and when DDGS replaced wet distillers’ grains with solubles (Anderson et al., 2006). Therefore, assessing Lys due to the drying process of distillers grains is critical to the successful feeding of DDGS to lactating dairy cows. Monitoring Lys damage during the drying of blood meal (BM) is also critical. Blood meal obviously needs to go through a drying process before it is fed to cattle. The Lys concentration of BM is about 9% of CP (NRC, 2001), which makes BM a desirable ingredient to feed to increase Lys concentrations in MP (MP-Lys). However, if the Lys is damaged in the processing of BM, MP-Lys supply will be overestimated by current ruminant nutrition models. Therefore, understanding how heat processing conditions can impact the quality of protein feeds is critical, and developing methods to rapidly and accurately estimate the damage to Lys and protein that results from heat processing will be beneficial. More information regarding digestibility of RUP and RUP-AA, particularly RUP-Lys, is needed. Terminology NUTRITIONAL CONSEQUENCES OF HEAT PROCESSING In order to discuss the nutritional consequences of heat processing feedstuffs, the following terms are defined: Bioavailability – proportion of ingested dietary AA that is absorbed in a chemical form that renders these AA potentially suitable for metabolism or protein synthesis. Digestibility – reflects enzymatic hydrolysis and microbial fermentation of ingested proteins and peptides and absorption of AA and peptides from the gastrointestinal lumen. Blocked lysine – lysine molecules in which the epsilon-amino group is bound to another compound. Reactive lysine – lysine molecules in which the epsilon-amino group is not bound to another compound. 17
Figure 1. Chemical structure of lysine H2N NH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 C COOH H Also throughout this paper, digestibility of RUP- AA will refer to intestinal digestibility estimates obtained using the residue after feeds have been ruminally incubated in situ, and digestibility of AA will refer to intestinal digestibility estimates obtained using the intact feed. Heat damage of protein and AA in feedstuffs primarily results from three major reactions: Maillard reaction, AA racemization reactions, and protein cross-linking reactions (Meade et. al., 2005). Of the reactions that occur during heat processing of foods and feeds, the Maillard reaction generally has the greatest impact on nutritional quality (Mauron, 1990). The reaction most commonly occurs in feeds between carbonyl groups of reducing sugars and the free amino group present on the side-chain of Lys (Fig. 1; Meade et al., 2005). Figure 2. Summary of the Maillard Reaction Adapted from Silván et al. (2006) INITIAL STAGE (COLORLESS COMPOUNDS) REDUCING SUGAR + AMINO COMPOUND SCHIFF BASE AMADORI ADVANCED STAGE FLUORESCENCE COMPOUNDS FINAL STAGE (BROWN PIGMENTS) MELANOIDINS Therefore, one of the major nutritional consequences of the Maillard reaction is the destruction or loss of Lys, an essential AA (EAA) that is often limiting for livestock production. The early Maillard reaction is characterized by the destruction of Lys (Figure 2), but as the reaction progresses, cross-links within and between protein molecules form, reducing digestibility of the entire protein molecule or fragments of the molecule. 18
Page 1 and 2: 2009 Proceedings of the Cornell Nut
Page 3 and 4: 2009 Cornell Nutrition Conference f
Page 5 and 6: Conference Staff, Speakers and Admi
Page 7 and 8: predicted flows of MP. Because they
Page 9 and 10: Figure 1. Revised NRC (2001) Lys an
Page 11 and 12: Figure 3. Lys and Met plots for mil
Page 13 and 14: and AMTS.Cattle (v.2.1.1) models (T
Page 15 and 16: MP on increasing the efficiency of
Page 17 and 18: high cows for both years were very
Page 19 and 20: Garthwaite, B. D., C. G. Schwab, an
Page 21: CHALLENGES OF PREDICTING METABOLIZA
Page 25 and 26: Table 1. Blocked RUP-Lys and reacti
Page 27 and 28: and in vitro digestibility. However
Page 29 and 30: Table 4. Results from 265 blood mea
Page 31 and 32: ACKNOWLEGEMENTS The data summary of
Page 33 and 34: THE CORNELL NET CARBOHYDRATE AND PR
Page 35 and 36: If this overall value is more appro
Page 37 and 38: mean values for efficiency of use f
Page 39 and 40: efficiency of use of particular AA
Page 41 and 42: Fox, and W. Chalupa.1993. A net car
Page 43 and 44: RECENT RESEARCH WITH LOW-STARCH DIE
Page 45 and 46: Table 1 continued. Dietary content,
Page 47 and 48: Voelker and Allen (2003abc) replace
Page 49 and 50: fermentable starch (3.5%-units) was
Page 51 and 52: monitor the cow’s performance, an
Page 53 and 54: ESTIMATING INTESTINAL DIGESTIBILITY
Page 55 and 56: digestibility within feeds will all
Page 57 and 58: Table 1. Average in vivo AA and RUP
Page 59 and 60: presented in Table 3. Crude protein
Page 61 and 62: human foodstuffs, and originally re
Page 63 and 64: Novus International. 2008. IDEA. Po
Page 65 and 66: the present study was to quantify t
Page 67 and 68: experiments. However, the final wei
Page 69 and 70: This is surprising in view of the c
Page 71 and 72: REFINING NITROGEN FEEDING USING CUR
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ecycled urea-N contributed 37.5% of
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observed for DMI nor milk measureme
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procedure described here contains 8
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Table 4. Protozoal predation of bac
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Marini, J. C. and M. S. Attene-Ramo
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of digestion. This involves refinem
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three hours was instead used, as an
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Table 1: Comparison between the non
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improve recovery of lignin particle
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a reverse-phase column. Ether-linke
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Figure 3: Relationship between 24hr
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Figure 7: Relationship between 96hr
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Ellis, W. C., M. Mahlooji and J.H.
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EFFECT OF TYPE AND LENGTH OF DIETAR
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intake data, the cattle fed the By-
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cases of the diseases of interest:
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for prediction of disease. The cate
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Table 1. Receiver operator characte
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INTEGRATING NUTRITIONAL AND GROUPIN
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In a study conducted in a similar m
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and 109°F (THI 94) during the stud
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Gonzalez, M., A. K. Yabuta, and F.
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In the past 20 years there has been
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Dinosaur diets The plants eaten by
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Figure 2 A,B,C,D: The relation betw
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of fiber than ruminants while equid
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supports the hypothesis that the fi
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PHIDDLING WITH PHENYLALANINE: INFLU
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competition of large neutral amino
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A mixture of indispensable and semi
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and in other experiments that are n
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Table 4. Growth, feed intakes, PAH
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Lu, J. and R.E. Austic. 2009. Pheny
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During the late 1700s in Europe, th
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of energy and protein nutrition bec
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elated to the involvement of sodium
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In practical nutrition, it is impor
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Johnson, R. A. 1963. Habitat prefer
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INTERPRETING AND IMPLEMENTING STARC
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in starch content and corn silages,
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INTERPRETING AND IMPLEMENTING STARC
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All of the guidelines for starch di
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Feedstuff N DM range IVSD 7 SD Corn
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nonstructural carbohydrate / rumen
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ANALYTICAL METHODS For good estimat
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Larson, J., and P. C. Hoffman. 2008
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Key Data In50 years, the world popu
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With respect to increasing output,
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THE CONSUMER PERSPECTIVE When it co
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they want most in their food, consu
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devastating in poor nations where e
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additive for swine can reduce manur
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DeCamp, S., Hankins, S., Carroll, A
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DEMYSTIFYING THE ENVIRONMENTAL SUST
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The „good old days‟ of dairy pr
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„Grass-fed‟ beef production The
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RECONCILING GLOBAL AND NATIONAL EMI
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production, without negatively impa
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assumed to be produced with similar
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continent by the tractor trailer, a
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REFERENCES Anon. 2006. Road to reco
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http://faostat.fao.org/DesktopDefau
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etail milk supply. The first repres
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eliable recommendations about the h
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nearly identical whereas MUFA was d
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higher trans-11 18:1 and lower cont
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diets varied on organic farms and s
Page 207 and 208:
Jensen, R. G. 1999. Fatty acid prof
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the optimum standing NDF is 38% for
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It is clear that fiber and lignin a
Page 213 and 214:
Figure 3. From: Progressive Dairyma
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AMMONIA EMISSIONS FROM DAIRY BARNS:
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lactating cow’s energy requiremen
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exhaust duct per chamber. Stainless
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(Harper et al., 2009) are significa
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REFERENCES Aillery, M., N. Gollehon
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FEEDING LOW CRUDE PROTEIN RATIONS T
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- There was an increase in % milk t
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formulating rations is a tool routi
Page 231 and 232:
REFERENCES .Higgs, R.J. 2009. Nitro
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