2009 Proceedings of the Cornell Nutrition Conference For Feed ...

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6) and BM RUR samples after the 16 h ruminal incubation (n = 6) were crop-intubated to cecectomized roosters to obtain in vivo AA and RUP-AA digestibility estimates. The average AA and RUP-AA digestibility estimates for the 6 BM samples are presented in Table 2. Key observations from Table 2 (column labeled rooster): Amino acids in all of the in the intact and RUR BM samples were highly digestible in the cecectomized roosters. There was little variation in AA and RUP-AA digestibility among the BM samples evaluated. Digestibility of AA in the intact feeds was similar to digestibility of RUP-AA in the RUR. Modified Three-Step Procedure The intact and RUR BM samples were also analyzed via the modified three-step procedure (modified TSP) of Gargallo et al. (2006), and the in vitro AA and RUP-AA digestibility estimates are presented in Table 2. The AA and RUP- AA digestibility estimates obtained using the modified TSP were lower than estimates from the cecectomized roosters. Estimates of RUP digestibility of the BM samples obtained using the original TSP of Calsamiglia and Stern (1995) are also presented in Table 2. These estimates were lower than RUPtotal AA digestibility measured in cecectomized roosters. Linear regression analysis was used to examine the relationship between AA and RUP-AA digestibility of BM samples Table 2. Average AA digestibility estimates of BM before & after ruminal incubation (BM RUR) determined in cecectomized roosters and via the original (BM RUR) and modified three-step procedure (TSP; Boucher 2008) Rooster Method Modified TSP a Digestibility, % b.c BM BM RUR BM BM RUR Arginine 90.7 91.5 58.9 72.2 Histidine 92.0 92.4 58.2 72.2 Isoleucine 85.5 87.4 49.9 64.9 Leucine 95.9 96.1 57.6 71.3 Lysine 90.5 90.7 62.0 75.4 Methionine 97.5 97.6 65.7 77.7 Phenylalanine 96.1 96.3 59.2 72.4 Threonine 95.5 95.9 60.7 74.4 Tryptophan 96.8 96.5 61.1 70.4 Valine 95.7 96.0 57.4 70.7 TEAA 94.1 94.4 58.7 72.4 NEAA 95.0 94.9 60.7 73.1 Total AA 94.4 94.6 60.4 74.2 CP - - 59.5 74.1 CP original TSP d - - - 59.7 Avg. of EAA 93.6 94.0 53.2 69.7 Minimum 85.5 87.4 2.3 46.0 Maximum 97.5 97.6 65.7 77.7 St. Dev. 3.8 3.3 18.3 a Modified three-step procedure (TSP) of Gargallo et al. (2006). 9.0 b TEAA = total essential amino acids; NEAA = nonessential AA. c AA digestibility of the RUR samples in as a % of AA in rumen undegraded protein. d Original TSP of Calsamiglia and Stern (1995). determined in vivo in cecectomized roosters and in vitro. The results indicate that for the intact BM samples there was a trend for a correlation between in vivo and in vitro digestibility for many of the AA (R 2 for total AA digestibility = 0.73; P = 0.06). For methionine and tryptophan in the BM samples there was a correlation between in vivo 21
and in vitro digestibility. However, RUP-AA digestibility estimates of the RUR BM samlpes obtained in vivo and in vitro were not correlated, except for tryptophan (R 2 for total RUP-AA digestibility = 0.55; P = 0.15). Digestibility of total CP in the RUR obtained with the modified TSP was highly correlated to digestibility of total CP in the RUR obtained with the original TSP. The relationship between in vitro digestibility of the intact BM samples and in vivo RUP-AA digestibility (AA digestibility estimates obtained by feeding the RUR BM samples to cecectomized roosters) was also examined. There was a trend for a correlation between in vivo RUP-AA digestibility and in vitro AA digestibility of the intact BM for many AA (R 2 for digestibility of total RUP-AA in vivo and digestibility of AA in the intact feeds in vitro = 0.73; P = 0.06), and a significant relationship was observed for methionine, tryptophan, and alanine. The modified TSP may be useful in estimating RUP-AA digestibility of BM. However, it is suggested that digestibility of the intact samples be estimated and the ruminal incubation step be eliminated because this will yield more accurate estimates of RUP-AA digestibility. However, the in vivo estimates were much higher than in vitro estimates; therefore, the database on RUP-AA digestibility of BM using the modified TSP should be expanded because there was such a discrepancy between in vivo and in vitro estimates. Also, more research is needed with this method to estimate poorly digested BM samples because the samples used in this experiment were all highly digestible in vivo. Homoarginine Method Results of homoarginine analysis of the BM samples are presented in Table 3. The reactive Lys content of the intact BM samples ranged from 92.6 to 96.7%, and the reactive RUP-Lys content ranged from 45.3 to 93.1%. However, the reactive Lys and RUP-Lys content of the samples was not correlated to Lys and RUP-Lys digestibility determined in vivo in cecectomized roosters. For the intact feeds, Lys digestibility in vivo ranged from 82.9 to 95.8% and in vivo RUP-Lys digestibility ranged from 83.9 to 95.3%. There are several possible explanations for the lack of correlation between in vivo Lys digestibility and in vitro reactive Lys content. First, there was little variation among in vivo Lys digestibility for the BM samples analyzed, which could affect the strength of correlation. However, reactive Lys content theoretically cannot be overestimated using the homoarginine method because the formation of homoarginine is specific to the reaction of O-methylisourea and the epsilon-amino group of Lys; therefore, it is likely that factors other than reactive Lys content affect Lys digestibility in BM. Additionally our sample size was small (n = 6). A larger sample size may have yielded a stronger correlation between reactive Lys determined via the homoarginine method and Lys digestibility in vivo. 22
Page 1 and 2: 2009 Proceedings of the Cornell Nut
Page 3 and 4: 2009 Cornell Nutrition Conference f
Page 5 and 6: Conference Staff, Speakers and Admi
Page 7 and 8: predicted flows of MP. Because they
Page 9 and 10: Figure 1. Revised NRC (2001) Lys an
Page 11 and 12: Figure 3. Lys and Met plots for mil
Page 13 and 14: and AMTS.Cattle (v.2.1.1) models (T
Page 15 and 16: MP on increasing the efficiency of
Page 17 and 18: high cows for both years were very
Page 19 and 20: Garthwaite, B. D., C. G. Schwab, an
Page 21 and 22: CHALLENGES OF PREDICTING METABOLIZA
Page 23 and 24: Figure 1. Chemical structure of lys
Page 25: Table 1. Blocked RUP-Lys and reacti
Page 29 and 30: Table 4. Results from 265 blood mea
Page 31 and 32: ACKNOWLEGEMENTS The data summary of
Page 33 and 34: THE CORNELL NET CARBOHYDRATE AND PR
Page 35 and 36: If this overall value is more appro
Page 37 and 38: mean values for efficiency of use f
Page 39 and 40: efficiency of use of particular AA
Page 41 and 42: Fox, and W. Chalupa.1993. A net car
Page 43 and 44: RECENT RESEARCH WITH LOW-STARCH DIE
Page 45 and 46: Table 1 continued. Dietary content,
Page 47 and 48: Voelker and Allen (2003abc) replace
Page 49 and 50: fermentable starch (3.5%-units) was
Page 51 and 52: monitor the cow’s performance, an
Page 53 and 54: ESTIMATING INTESTINAL DIGESTIBILITY
Page 55 and 56: digestibility within feeds will all
Page 57 and 58: Table 1. Average in vivo AA and RUP
Page 59 and 60: presented in Table 3. Crude protein
Page 61 and 62: human foodstuffs, and originally re
Page 63 and 64: Novus International. 2008. IDEA. Po
Page 65 and 66: the present study was to quantify t
Page 67 and 68: experiments. However, the final wei
Page 69 and 70: This is surprising in view of the c
Page 71 and 72: REFINING NITROGEN FEEDING USING CUR
Page 73 and 74: ecycled urea-N contributed 37.5% of
Page 75 and 76: observed for DMI nor milk measureme
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procedure described here contains 8
Page 79 and 80:
Table 4. Protozoal predation of bac
Page 81 and 82:
Marini, J. C. and M. S. Attene-Ramo
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of digestion. This involves refinem
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three hours was instead used, as an
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Table 1: Comparison between the non
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improve recovery of lignin particle
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a reverse-phase column. Ether-linke
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Figure 3: Relationship between 24hr
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Figure 7: Relationship between 96hr
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Ellis, W. C., M. Mahlooji and J.H.
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EFFECT OF TYPE AND LENGTH OF DIETAR
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intake data, the cattle fed the By-
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cases of the diseases of interest:
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for prediction of disease. The cate
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Table 1. Receiver operator characte
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INTEGRATING NUTRITIONAL AND GROUPIN
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In a study conducted in a similar m
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and 109°F (THI 94) during the stud
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Gonzalez, M., A. K. Yabuta, and F.
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In the past 20 years there has been
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Dinosaur diets The plants eaten by
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Figure 2 A,B,C,D: The relation betw
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of fiber than ruminants while equid
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supports the hypothesis that the fi
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PHIDDLING WITH PHENYLALANINE: INFLU
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competition of large neutral amino
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A mixture of indispensable and semi
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and in other experiments that are n
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Table 4. Growth, feed intakes, PAH
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Lu, J. and R.E. Austic. 2009. Pheny
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During the late 1700s in Europe, th
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of energy and protein nutrition bec
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elated to the involvement of sodium
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In practical nutrition, it is impor
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Johnson, R. A. 1963. Habitat prefer
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INTERPRETING AND IMPLEMENTING STARC
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in starch content and corn silages,
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INTERPRETING AND IMPLEMENTING STARC
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All of the guidelines for starch di
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Feedstuff N DM range IVSD 7 SD Corn
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nonstructural carbohydrate / rumen
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ANALYTICAL METHODS For good estimat
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Larson, J., and P. C. Hoffman. 2008
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Key Data In50 years, the world popu
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With respect to increasing output,
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THE CONSUMER PERSPECTIVE When it co
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they want most in their food, consu
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devastating in poor nations where e
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additive for swine can reduce manur
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DeCamp, S., Hankins, S., Carroll, A
Page 179 and 180:
DEMYSTIFYING THE ENVIRONMENTAL SUST
Page 181 and 182:
The „good old days‟ of dairy pr
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„Grass-fed‟ beef production The
Page 185 and 186:
RECONCILING GLOBAL AND NATIONAL EMI
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production, without negatively impa
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assumed to be produced with similar
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continent by the tractor trailer, a
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REFERENCES Anon. 2006. Road to reco
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http://faostat.fao.org/DesktopDefau
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etail milk supply. The first repres
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eliable recommendations about the h
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nearly identical whereas MUFA was d
Page 203 and 204:
higher trans-11 18:1 and lower cont
Page 205 and 206:
diets varied on organic farms and s
Page 207 and 208:
Jensen, R. G. 1999. Fatty acid prof
Page 209 and 210:
the optimum standing NDF is 38% for
Page 211 and 212:
It is clear that fiber and lignin a
Page 213 and 214:
Figure 3. From: Progressive Dairyma
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AMMONIA EMISSIONS FROM DAIRY BARNS:
Page 217 and 218:
lactating cow’s energy requiremen
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exhaust duct per chamber. Stainless
Page 221 and 222:
(Harper et al., 2009) are significa
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REFERENCES Aillery, M., N. Gollehon
Page 225 and 226:
FEEDING LOW CRUDE PROTEIN RATIONS T
Page 227 and 228:
- There was an increase in % milk t
Page 229 and 230:
formulating rations is a tool routi
Page 231 and 232:
REFERENCES .Higgs, R.J. 2009. Nitro
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