The Materiality of Death - mikroarkeologi.se

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Fig. 3.1. Tomb 2 at Vale Ferreiro, Fafe – Braga. Fig. 2. Early Bronze Age tomb in the megalithic tradition: Outeiro de Gregos 1, Baião - Oporto (Early Bronze Age) (according to O. Jorge 1980). They were usually built inside or on the edge of large megalithic necropolises, upon territory that had been sacred since the Neolithic. There is also evidence of the ritualistic manipulation of megalithic monuments. There are many examples of large dolmens where Bronze Age metal ornaments and ceramic vessels were deposited. Some barrows, bounded by boulders and with a small central chamber and erected on sacred ancestral land, can also be included in the beginning of the Early Bronze Age. These are tombs without tumuli, with the funeral chambers constructed inside oval enclosures demarcated by natural or displaced outcrops, and their diachrony is yet unknown. Within these traditions, there are places that appear to have become consecrated ex nihilo in the Early Bronze Age, generally occupying territories that were connected, directly or indirectly, to agricultural lands and sometimes located near to residential areas. This is the case of numerous necropolises of cist graves, common in the north of Portugal and Galicia, in which only one tomb contains metal, lithic and ceramic remains, such as Chedeiro (Cualedro, Ourense, Spain), Agra da Ínsua (Carnota, A Coruña, Spain), Quinta de Água Branca (Vila Nova de Cerveira, Viana do Castelo, Portugal), etc. (Fortes 1906; Luengo y Martinez 1965; Taboada Chivite 1971; Bettencourt forthcoming b). This is also the case of tombs 1 and 2 of Vale Ferreiro (Fafe, Braga, Portugal). The first, which can be Fig. 3.2. Deposit from tomb 2 at Vale Ferreiro. radiocarbon dated to the transition from 3th to 2nd millennia BC, is architecturally within the megalithic tradition, with a cist-shaped chamber and cairn, but was built inside a pit completely underground. The second, which is also subterranean, presumably covered with wood, contained two gold spirals, amongst other remains that can be dated to this period (Bettencourt et al. 2002; 2005) (figs. 3.1 and 3.2). Surprisingly, recent research has shown that these places also remained symbolically active until the Late Bronze Age. Here, between the 18th and 15th centuries BC, a double pit was dug out, (grave? cult deposit?), and between the 13th and 10th centuries BC, a kind of “tomb house” was constructed. Thus, it is probable that other circular and oval-shaped pit structures, sometimes covered with gravel, could be tombs constructed throughout the Bronze Age. This hypothesis is supported by the existence of burial pits at Fraga do Zorro (Galicia, Spain) dated between the 19th and 17th centuries BC (Fábregas Valcarce 2001). The same seems to have happened in other sites in Galicia, where there is vidence of different types of burials and rites, such as Devesa de Abaixo, Pontevedra, Spain), lasting until the beginning of the first millennium BC (Vázquez Liz 2005). 100
Fig. 5.1. Cremation necropolis at Paranho (Tondela - Viesu) (according to D. Cruz, 1997). Fig. 4. Aerial view of flat graves from the necropolis at Cimalha, adjacent to the settlement (Felgueiras – Oporto) (according to Pedro Pedro Almeida & Francisco Fernandes forthcoming, adapted). New contexts and funerary practices also started to appear during the Middle Bronze Age, partially overlapping with these scenarios. These are inhumation cemeteries, located in the vicinity of or inside residential areas. These new sites differ from the previous ones in that the architecture of the tombs is much more uniform (only cists or flat tombs) and there is greater standardization in the deposited artifacts (generally one or more pottery vessels of similar shape). Some of these contexts seem to have lasted throughout the first millennium BC, i.e. during what is surely the regional Late Bronze Age. A good example is the case of Tapado da Caldeira (Baião, Oporto, Portugal), close to the settlement of Bouça do Frade, lasting until the end of the second millennium BC. Here, along with the sub-rectangular flatbottomed grave, cut out of the sandy clay between the 17th to 15th centuries BC, several different indications of worship were found (pits, with or without deposits, accumulation of ashes and coals), as well as a fireplace, built there between the 14th and 11th centuries BC (Jorge 1980; 1983). Another good example of the same sort of phenomena having occurred, the lack of corroborative radiocarbon dating, is Cimalha (Felgueiras, Oporto, Portugal), where a large necropolis of 163 flat graves dug in the sandy clay (fig. 4) (Almeida & Fernandes Fig. 5.2. Cremation vessels at Paranho (Tondela) (Late Bronze Age) (according to D. J. Cruz, 1997). forthcoming) was apparently organized in stratigraphic sequence from the Middle to Middle/Late Bronze Age (Bettencourt forthcoming). Finally, in the transition between the 2nd and 1st millennia BC and throughout the first part of the 1st, in the Later Bronze Age, funerary structures are more difficult to detect. However, the available data indicate a large diversity of practices (Bettencourt forthcoming a). The symbolic appropriation of ancestral megalithic monuments was still taking place as regards other burial sites connected to ancestral territories, particularly in mountain areas. These were now distinguished by indications of funeral practices involving partial cremation (figs. 5.1 and 5.2) or with secondary deposits inside or in the vicinity of the ceremonial areas such as Chao San Martin (Astúrias, Spain) (Villa Valdés & Cabo Pérez 2003). 101
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The Materiality of Death Bodies, bu
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Contents Chapter 1. The Materiality
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Fig. 1. Pieter Bruegel, The Triumph
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ather one has to emphasise the mate
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dead are often regarded as unfriend
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Fig 3. The old man Tei Tetuna by hi
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The Materiality of Social Change: H
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The Materiality of Eternity - The A
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FAHLANDER, F. & OESTIGAARD, T. 2004
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Susanne Kuechler-Fogden, Webb Keane
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Chapter 2 More than Metaphor: Appro
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discuss death and the treatment of
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had to deal with. This is not to sa
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hide that could be removed to expos
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pp111-123. Philadelphia: University
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Chapter 3 A Piece of the Mesolithic
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The main point is that the division
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A Piece of the Mesolithic: Skatehol
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question we need to construct some
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Fig. 4. Skateholm I (above) and Ska
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visible many years after the origin
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Phase Area Properties Interpretatio
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phase of one site with a contempora
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MILNER, N. & WOODMAN, P. 2005. Meso
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with dead people belonging to other
Page 54 and 55: Fig. 2. Due to the extraordinaire c
Page 56 and 57: As with all cremations in Hinduism,
Page 58 and 59: Based on the amount of scattered bo
Page 60 and 61: To have an ethical approach involve
Page 63 and 64: Chapter 5 From Corpse to Ancestor:
Page 65 and 66: Figure 2. Isola Sacra, Tomb 100. Ph
Page 67 and 68: Figure 4. Isola Sacra, Tomb 87. Pho
Page 73: 69 Burials
Page 76 and 77: through careful recording of the or
Page 78 and 79: Figure 4: Pencraig Hill: Distributi
Page 80 and 81: focussed on use of partial sets of
Page 83 and 84: Chapter 7 Ritual and Remembrance at
Page 85 and 86: urial (tomba a doppio loculo tipo M
Page 87 and 88: ‘original’ walls of the tomb. L
Page 89 and 90: chambers cut into two earlier trenc
Page 91: Madison: Prehistory Press, Monograp
Page 94 and 95: Well-organized cemeteries or messy
Page 96 and 97: influenced who was buried inside th
Page 98 and 99: it was quite short, which could ind
Page 100 and 101: References ARTELIUS, TORE 2004. Min
Page 103: Chapter 9 Life and Death in the Bro
Page 107 and 108: place. These burials were very simp
Page 109 and 110: Chapter 10 Norwegian Face-Urns: Loc
Page 111 and 112: The recurring themes in the debate
Page 113 and 114: The local context of the Norwegian
Page 115 and 116: Death is the inevitable conclusion
Page 117 and 118: OESTIGAARD, T. 1999. Cremations as
Page 119 and 120: Chapter 11 The Use of Ochre in Ston
Page 121 and 122: Ochre was used so intensively that
Page 123 and 124: Fig. 5. Zvejnieki burial ground. Th
Page 125 and 126: grave has been dated to 5690±45 BP
Page 127 and 128: Khanty of northern Siberia, the col
Page 129 and 130: 125 Beliefs
Page 131 and 132: Chapter 12 ”Death Myths”: Perfo
Page 133 and 134: Variation within the same cist Bø,
Page 135 and 136: Variation within the same mound Lyd
Page 137 and 138: Figures 6 and 7. Modvo, Luster muni
Page 139 and 140: To what extent there have been corr
Page 141 and 142: when they die, a probable explanati
Page 143 and 144: fragmented spindles, iron weaving s
Page 145 and 146: Chapter 13 Reproduction and Relocat
Page 147 and 148: may be questioned, and analysed mor
Page 149 and 150: References Andersson, G. 1997: A st
Page 151 and 152: Chapter 14 A Road for the Viking’
Page 153 and 154: Figure 2. The Jarlabanke Bridge tha
Page 155 and 156:
Chapter 15 A Road to the Other Side
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Fig. 4. Clearing the bridge on an e
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Chapter 16 Stones and Bones: The My
Page 161 and 162:
Fig. 4. An Iron Age scene at Sylta
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Fig. 7. The resemblance between cru
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