Click here for the PDF version! (15,2 MB) - Danube Limes

Central Europe Program- 1CE079P4 Danube Limes
Lussonium Best Practice Study
Made by
September 2011

Contents
1. Executive summary ................................................................................................................ 3
2. Preface .................................................................................................................................... 8
2.1 From the 1980s till 2008 .................................................................................................. 8
2.2 History of archaeological research ................................................................................... 8
2.3 Developments and operation before 2009 ...................................................................... 13
3. Project results ....................................................................................................................... 28
3.1 Comprehensive measures at the start of the project ....................................................... 28
3.2 Finished activities ........................................................................................................... 30
3.3 Feasibility study ............................................................................................................ 42
3.4 Information day .............................................................................................................. 43
3.5 Webpage ......................................................................................................................... 45
3.6 Horticultural plans .......................................................................................................... 46
3.7 Reception building ......................................................................................................... 48
3.8 International conference ................................................................................................. 49
3.9 The promotion of achieved goals, didactics (webpage, information signs, exhibition,
Night of the Museums) ........................................................................................................ 55
3.10 Information signs .......................................................................................................... 55
3.11 Temporary exhibition ................................................................................................... 57
3.12 Exhibition catalogue ..................................................................................................... 60
3.13 Night of the Museums .................................................................................................. 61
3.14 Evaluation of executed reconstruction from various perspectives ............................ 62
4. Operation plan ...................................................................................................................... 64
4.1 Management requirements ............................................................................................. 64
4.2 Advantages and disadvantages of current visitor structure ............................................ 65
4.3 Current annual programmes: .......................................................................................... 67
4.4 Proposed programmes/programme-packages: ............................................................... 67
4.5 The meaning and significance of Roman past and heritage to the citizen of Paks ........ 70
5. Sustainability plan ................................................................................................................ 71
5.1 Analysis of the elements of financial sustainability ....................................................... 71
5.2 Financial cost and income analysis ................................................................................ 71

5.3 Analysis of economic benefits ...................................................................................... 77
5.4 Sensitivity and risk analysis ........................................................................................... 78
6. Summary .............................................................................................................................. 84

1. Executive summary
Archaeological excavations of the Roman military fort called Lussonium at the
Bottyán-rampart, located in Paks-Dunakömlőd, were started in 1969. The excavation
was led by Dr. Zsolt Visy, expert of the University of Pécs, Department of Ancient
History and coordinator of the university’s professional programme. At the site of
digging a part of the fort wall was uncovered, along with the place of the northern
gate-tower, the foundation of a large heated room behind the northern walls, its later
expansions and two grain storage pits from the Roman Age. The excavated material is
stored in the Town Museum of Paks, with the more interesting pieces presented in the
permanent exhibition. The improvement and further exploration of the archaeological
field is required by both the owner-maintainer Town Municipality of Paks and national
supervisory institutions. In order to meet these requirements, the Town of Paks has
successfully submitted a tender in 2009, together with 6 project partners from 4
countries.
The main aim of the study is to present the activities done by the Town Municipality of
Paks, a project partner in the programme titled Nomination of the Central European
part of the Roman Danube Limes within the international UNESCO World Heritage
Framework „Frontiers of the Roman Empire” 1 . The primary results of the activities
may also serve as an example for similar future improvements. The project was
financed through the Central Europe Programme and the work package relative to the
fort of Lussonium aimed the extensive excavation and presentation of the former
Limes site. The total budget of the Town Municipality of Paks was 314.200 €, 95% of
which was through national and EU funds. The duration of the programme was 36
months, which was extended to 39 months with the modification of the Grant
Agreement. The main elements of the project are illustrated in the following flowchart:
1 Additional information is available on the project on www.danube-limes.eu.

Events from left to right: Project partner information day (2009.11.19.);
Archaeological excavation and conservation (2009.08.12. – 2011.09.30.); Interactive
exhibition of archaeological finds (2010.05.21. – 2011.06.24.); International
conference (2011.06.09.)
The results of the project and the experience gained during the process can be
summarised as follows:
The reconstruction of the ruins of Lussonium alone will not be sufficient for the
increase of visitor numbers. Sadly, our historic heritage which dates back to more than
2000 years holds the attention of the general public only until the completion of
restorations and reconstructions. Preserved ruins decay without accomplishing their
cultural mission. In order to raise the attention of visitors on the theme, make them
learn about it and understand the spirit of the age, an adaptable development strategy
and identity policy has to be built. A new concept would be made that includes
suitable elements from national and international examples, while also learning from
their shortcomings. This unique concept would build on the characteristics of
Lussonium and will not imitate tourist attractions.
Site reconstructions in Western Europe have clearly shown that neither the state,
nor the local communities are able to maintain and operate these sites alone. The
ruin sites have to contribute to the costs of operation, thus generate a certain
amount of income. As a result, income levels can only be improved through a
proportional increase in visitor numbers. However, attracting more visitors can not

e done at the expense of lower management standards.
During the reconstruction of Lussonium, the first step is the erection of a protective
building that enables the presentation of the former Roman military fort and protects it
from natural harms. The western and eastern side of the protective building is made of
glass, thus providing proper visibility. In case the remains of the foundation are
uncovered, the walls can be presented as well. A transparent dome will be built over
the grain storage pits due to security reasons.
After the Roman fort became uninhabited, the locals have utilised the stones of the
fortification for their own constructions. The northern terrain formation of the Bottyánrampart
have to be statically supported with an indicator walling, which also enables a
better understanding and visibility of the fortification.
Information signs also play an important role since these inform visitors of what they
see and what can not be seen anymore, even though they were essential in the Roman
Age. A recumbent information sign will also be placed, which features the ground
plans of the fort on a stone carving. A multilingual (English, German and Hungarian)
greeting sign will be placed in the vicinity of the gates on the northern side of the fort,
but outside the ruin garden. 5 additional information signs will be placed along the
road that runs through the fort. These will provide information on the archaeological
activities related to the fort in a spectacular way.
Another important element of the exhibition is a 3D terrain model which illustrates the
Roman military fort, the civil settlement (vicus) and a reconstruction of the cemetery
that was uncovered in 2009. The model will display the terrain features and
hydrographic conditions of the Roman Age, while also demonstrating the environment
with various trees, bushes, landmarks, military and civil equipment.
The archaeological excavation of Lussonium was first financed by the Town
Municipality of Paks. Since 1994, the research has been financed by the Town
Museum of Paks, which is maintained by the Town Municipality of Paks. The

excavations were regularly supported by the Ministry of National Heritage, the
National Cultural Fund and the Paks Nuclear Power Plant Ltd. The option of a
reconstruction has arisen before, however, financial conditions were unfavourable of
the project. At present, development plans can be achieved with the support of the
European Union and the contribution of the Town Museum of Paks, the Town
Municipality of Paks and the Paks Nuclear Power Plant Ltd.
The construction of a protective building and further improvements of the area will
provide suitable conditions for the protection of the ruins, the reception of visitors and
guest. Moreover, information signs with high quality content contribute to a better
understanding of the monument for tourists. The new, fitting marketing strategy will
devote more attention to Lussonium and wishes to make the site a part of a touristic
package that also includes neighbouring touristic attractions, thus offering several
days’ entertainment. As a result, Lussonium would become a fine example of the
cultural missionary role which conservated ruins play and would also indicate that the
time has come for us to make efforts in order to preserve the values of the past.

2. Preface
2.1 From the 1980s till 2008
Lussonium is located in Dunakömlőd, within the municipality boundaries of Paks, on
the top of the Bottyán-rampart (also called as Sánchegy), 109 km south of the capital,
near the main road No. 6. The partially excavated and reconstructed, municipalityowned
site is on a non-cultivated land and enjoys a protected status.
2.2 History of archaeological research
The ruins of the Roman military fort on the Bottyán-rampart have been well-known for
a long time among locals and other sources. The visible remains were first mentioned
by Fernando Luigi Marsigli, who identified the ruins as Aquincum in his guidebook.. 2
Unfortunately, he made no assessments on the fort and, in this way, we only know the
plans of the wooden palisade that was built by General Bottyán in 1705. Even though
no examples are available on the fort’s original state, several illustrations survived
from the 18th century, including those from the age of Maria Theresa and Joseph II
when German-speaking immigrants settled in Kömlőd. These depict a rectangular
fortification with rounded or angled edges. However, it is still doubtful whether they
illustrate the Bottyán fort or the
Roman Age garrison. Nevertheless, it
is certain that the 18th century
palisade was built on the base of the
Roman fort. The most outstanding
map is from the time of the first
military survey, where the original
Roman Age horseshoe-shaped towers
are shown on the edge of the fort.
A map from the time of the first military survey (1782-1785)
2 F.L. Marsigli: Danubius Pannonico Mysicus 1726.

Another map shows a double trench around the fortification, while there is a bastionlike
structure on its northern side.
The Bottyán Castle on the settlement map of Kömlőd (1778-1788)
A third map is very interesting due to the fact that it illustrates the burnt down wooden
palisade, meaning that these were presumably the remains of the Roman Age stone
fort.
Although Lussonium has been mentioned by several antique sources 3 , it was a debate
for a long time which Roman fort the ruins actually belonged to. Mór Wosinsky,
abbot-parish priest of Szekszárd and the founder of the Mór Wosinsky County
Museum, identified the ruins for the first time. 4 Despite the high number of excavated
Roman Age finds from the area of Dunakömlőd, the exact location of the ruins could
not be identified. However, in 1969 a burnt military diploma-fragment was uncovered
at the Bottyán-rampart. Zsolt Visy conducted an excavation in the same year at the
place where the fragment was found, revealing the ruins of a building from the
Marcomannic Wars. Another diploma was also found at the building which was
3 Ptolemaios: Lussonion; Tabula Peutingeriana: Lusione; Itinerarium Antonini: Lussonium; Notitia Dignitatum:
Alusione (presumably: a Lusione); Unknown Ravennese author: Alusione (presumably: a Lusione).
4 Wosinsky M.: Tolna vármegye története az őskortól a honfoglalásig I-II. Bp. 1896.

probably burnt down during the war. The occurrence of such a military diploma-pair
was no coincidence and proved that Lussonium should be located on top of the
Bottyán-rampart. The main goal of the next excavation in 1972 was to determine the
size and major details of the castellum. The fortification’s 1m wide main wall that was
built from small stones was found on the northern side, along with a 13m wide and
3.5m deep trench (compared to the original Roman Age surface) on its outer side. The
parts of an adobe house with fresco decorations was also discovered. The western side
yielded a renovated wall-piece from the Late Roman Age, on which charred beams lay.
These are most likely the remains of General Bottyán’s wooden palisade, proving the
the military leader has indeed built his fortification on the main walls of the Roman
structure. The small line of the southern trench could be identified at the southern part
of the fort. The archaeological research has thus confirmed the existence of the Roman
military fort.
Apart from a short intermission, excavations, which were started in 1987 by the
University of Pécs and the were led by Zsolt Visy, have been regularly conducted,
and are continued nowadays with the participation of the Town Museum of Paks. As
a result, Lussonium has become one of the most researched sites of the ripa
Pannonica.
For the first years, excavations were conducted in the northern part of the fort in
order to research the main walls, the defensive trench and adobe house that had been
discovered in 1972. The excavations revealed 4 trenches outside the northern wall. In
the outmost trench (No. 3.) there was another from a later age, probably a part of the
Bottyán-fort. According to the finds, the trench was in use until the middle of the 2nd
century. The other 3 trenches were functioning in the Late Roman Age and in this
way the fort had 3 defensive trenches instead of 2.
The multi-room building from the northern corner of the fort is also worth mentioning.
Excavations have showed that it was in use during the 4th century and had a hypocaust in one
room, a portico on the south, while the plastered and terrazzo floor pieces were also partially
uncovered. The northern gate of the stone fort could not be found but, based on the fully
excavated western gate-tower and an entrance ramp, its exact location was still identified.

Archaeological excavation at Lussonium in 1988
Excavations at the south part, which were started later, also revealed the remains of the
Early Roman Age wooden fort. The rebuilt defensive trench was found in one of the
archaeological ditches, along with the adobe walls of a wooden barracks inside the
fort, which was also rebuilt once. This area yielded finds from the middle of the 1st
and the early 2nd centuries.
Aside from the fortification walls, the gate-tower tower was also found in the southern side.
Its eastern tower is 3.1x4.35 m in size, the walls are 0.6-1.9 m wide. The western tower
was unfortunately almost fully looted and mined.
It is quite certain that the Late Roman fort walls and gate were not in use when the
10x9 m tower was built around the turn of the 4th-5th centuries. It was located behind
the gate and had 2.3 m wide walls, indicating that it was two-story-high. A Late
Roman barracks racks with an east-facing porticus was partially excavated. The building
was destroyed during the construction.
The focus of the 2008 excavation was again the northern side of the fort. Following
2009, archaeological excavations have been conducted within the framework of the

Danube Limes project. 5
Summary of the excavations until 2009:
We established that the Roman finds from the Bottyán-rampart are from the auxiliary
fort of Lussonium, also known from various antique sources.
The wooden palisade was built in the middle of the 1st century (under the rule of
Claudius or Nero) and stood until the mid-2nd century. The local garrison was the
cohors I Alpinorum peditata. Size of the fort: N-S 260 m, its width is unknown due to constant
land erosion.
During the 2nd-3rd centuries, before the Late Roman Age, an iron smelter functioned in the
northern part.
In the Late Roman Age, during the rule of the Tetrarchia, a stone fort was built in the place of the
wooden palisade. Size of the fort: N-S 249 m, current width is 30-50 m. The 4th century garrison
consisted of the cuneus equitum Contantianorum and later a squad of the legio II adiutrix.
5 Publications on Lussonium: Visy Zs.: Lussonium. In.: Fitz J.: Der römische limes in Ungarn.
Székesfehérvár, 1976. 108-109; Visy Zs.: Neuere Militärdiplom aus Pannonien. Béri Balogh Ádám Múzeum
Évkönyve 10-11 (1979-80) 59-132; Archäologische Ausgrabungen in Lussonium zwischen 1969-1987.
Specimina Nova 3, 1987, 95-106; Kiss M.: Besimított kerámia Lussonium erődjéből. A Nyiregyházi Jósa András
Múzeum Évkönyve. 30-32 (1987-89) (1992). 113-127; Mozaikok a dunakömlődi ásatásokról. In: Specimina
Nova Supplementum I. (szerk.: Visy Zs.) Pécs 1989; Visy Zs.: Eine Statuenbasis des Kaisers Volusianus von
Lussonium (Paks-Dunakömlőd). AArchHung. 41 (1989) 385-397; Lussonium. Archaeological Excavations
1988-1989. Roman Frontier Studies 1989. Ed. V. Maxfield und B. Dobson. Exeter 1991, 263-267; Ein neueres
Auxiliardiplom aus Lussonium. ZPE 89, 1991, 160-166; Visy Zs.: Ein neueres Auxiliardiplom aus Lussonium.
Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 89 (1991). 160-166; Kis M.: Lussonium erődje a 4. század végén 5.
század elején. Herman Ottó Múzeum Évkönyve 30-31/2. 1991-1992, 89-106; Újabb eredmények a Paks-
Dunakömlődön, a Bottyán-sáncon (Lussonium) végzett ásatásokon. TörténÉsz 2, 1994/2, 3 - 6.; Kiss M.:
Bauspuren mit Pfostenkonstruktion vom Ende des 4. Jh-Anfang des 5. Jh. in der Festung Lussonium. In:
W.Groenman-Van Waaterringe et. Al. (szerk./Ed.) Roman Frontier Studies 1995. Oxford 1997. 411-415;
Lengvári I.: Grain storage pits from Lussonium roman fort. Specimina Nova 1995, 113-126; Intercisa.
Lussonium. in: Hajnóczi Gy. et al. (szerk.): Itinerarium Hungaricum. I. Pannonia Hungarica antiqua.Budapest
1995, passim; Ein neueres Militärdiplom aus Dunakömlőd. Spec. nova XVI 2000 [2002], 39/46. (Ferenczi
Emlékkönyv); Legnvári I.: A lussoniumi gabonavermek mint a későrómai kori gazdálkodás emlékei. Annona
2002. 49-57; Visy Zs.: Lussonium fort. In: The roman army in Pannonia. An Archaeological Guide of the Ripa
Pannonica. Pécs 2003. 122-124; Fazekas F-Szabó A.: Ausgewählte Bronzegefässe aus dem Kastell von
Lussonium. In: Franek Chr. Et. Al. (szerk/Hrsg), Thiasos. Festschrift für Erwin Pochmarski zum 65, Geburstag.
Wien 2008. 243-254. Fazekas F.: Bronztárgyak a lussoniumi (Paks-Dunakömlőd) római erődből. In: Fazekas F-
Priskin A. (szerk.): „Ripam omnem quaesivit”. Ünnepi tanulmányok Prof.- Dr. Visy Zsolt 65. születésnapjára
tanítványaitól. Specimina Nova. Supplemetum VIII. Paksi Múzeumi Füzetek 6. Pécs-Paks 2009. 45-66; Körős
A.: Lussonium-Paks-Dunakömlőd római erőd állatcsontmaradványai: szarvasmarha és kiskérőddzők 1987-1990.
In: Fazekas F-Priskin A. (szerk.): „Ripam omnem quaesivit”. Ünnepi tanulmányok Prof.- Dr. Visy Zsolt 65.
születésnapjára tanítványaitól. Specimina Nova. Supplemetum VIII. Paksi Múzeumi Füzetek 6. Pécs-Paks 2009.
139-182; Visy Zs.: Lussonium római erődje. Vezető a római limes Világörökségre jelölt magyarországi
helyszínein. Pécs 2010; A császárláb nyomában. Kiállítási katalógus. (szerk.: Szabó A.) Paks, 2011;

The fort was demolish at the end of the 4th century and a fort tower was built in the southern
part. Fort tower size: 10x9 m. The structure was utilised until the early 5th century.
Germanic-Sarmatic people from the Hungarian Plains settled in the area after 430
and used the small fort as well. This is underlined by the graves originating from the
Early Immigration Period.
2.3 Developments and operation before 2009
The idea of a historic reconstruction has been suggested by Zsolt Visy during the
second half of the 80s.
The first chamber exhibition of the present museum was also his idea. The exhibition
informed visitors of the results of excavations and displayed the most notable objects
uncovered from the castrum. It was opened in May 1989, in a building that is still
standing in the musem grounds. The exhibition functioned until 1993 with periodic
opening times.
Exhibition cases in the chamber exhibition in 1993

The first event at the empty site in August 1989 was also his initiative. The event
which attracted a high number visitors was not repeated until 2003.
August 1989 – scenes from the first Roman military exhibition in Lussonium

The thoughts and ideas of the archaeology professor started a process, which slowly
resulted in the opportunity to exhibit the finds of local excavations and display the area
of the military fort.
The Town Municipality of Paks founded the Town Museum in 1993 and opened the
institution in 1994. The museum is located in a 19th century renovated manor house,
where the excavated finds from Lussonium can be displayed, along with the episodes
of local history.
The ruined manor house in 1993
The renovated museum building in 1994

The permanent exhibition was opened in 1995, where the Roman fort’s most notable
finds were displayed.
A part of the permanent exhibition that opened in 1995.
This particular room presents the Roman Age.
The new museum also put emphasis on the populsarisation of Roman culture and the
history of Pannonia. As a result, historic competitions, lectures were held and, most
importantly, the very successful summer camps were started.
At this time, the site of Lussonium was not suitable for such educational purposes,
so the museum hosted these events and programmes.
Children at the summer camp of the Museum - 1999

Following the Limes Conference arranged by Hungary in 2003, the Town
Municipality of Paks could start the long-proposed reconstruction project, which was
financed from its own budget and external funds.
In 2001-2002 preparatory actions have been introduced for the reconstruction of
historical heritage:
- The Town Municipality of Paks voted 5 MFt for the reconstruction of the military
fort during its meeting in November 2001.
- The Town Municipality of Paks submitted a tender for the reconstruction of
Lussonium to the Heritage Protection Department of the Ministry of National
Heritage. Following a successful tender application, the available budget for the
reconstructions increased by 5 MFt.
- The Ybl-prize winner architect, Ágnes H. Vladár, was assigned by the Town
Municipality of Paks to complete the building plans, while Károly Őrsi designed
the horticultural plans. 6
- The territories, which had multiple owners, were purchased by the Town
Municipality and the lot numbers were unified. 7
Reconstruction works of the Roman fort started with the landscaping of the site in
early spring 2003. The clearing of the thick vegetation took several weeks. The
uncovering of the previously excavated fort and its buildings was completed with
manual and automatic workforce. The filling of the loess fall at the western and
northern side of the loess wall was completed as well.
As a result, a section of the southern wall, the two gate-towers, several rooms of a
military building and the 5th century tower were partially reconstructed. 8 A ballastroad
was also built across the plateau and a new landscaping action was started on the
basis of the horticultural plans made by Károly Őrsi.
6 H. Vladár Ágnes: Paks-Dunakömlőd Lussonium római erőd állagmegóvási-műemlékhelyreállítási munkái. Bp.
2002; Őrsi Károly: Paks-Dunakömlőd Lussonium római erőd kertépítészeti tervei. Bp. 2002.
7 The new topographical number since 2002 is 01044/1.
8 The planned reconstruction works of the existing walls at the military camp were conducted by stone
sculptor-restorer György Asztalos and the Renome-R LP.

Lussonium from the south and north during the 1990s, before the constructions

Reconstructions during 2003

The Roman ruin garden
The ceremonial opening of the first phase of the reconstructed fort took place on 28th
August 2003, when 500 hundred visitors attended the site. A Roman military display
and food tasting event, the signs of future utilization, was also organised during the
day.

Opening ceremony of the ruin garden - August 8th 2003

In 2003, the participants of the International Limes Conference also visited
Lussonium, along with the new temporary exhibition of the Town Museum of Paks,
which displayed the results of the last ten years’ excavations.
Participants of the International Limes Conference in Lussonium
During the first phase, the leadership of Paks has already expressed its intention of
further development in Lussonium. Thus, a minimal infrastructural improvement was
made in 2003-2004 from the municipality’s own budget:
- Drinking-water pressure line, water metering man-hole, drinking fountain
installation.
- Underground power cable, public lighting cable laying.
- Electric interface with metering device, power feed cable installation.
- 120 linear meter long access road with 50% NZ solid pavement, 50% river ballast
pavement, 0.25 m thickness.
- Walkway to the ruin garden, 800 m2 NZ granulated (0-20 mm) white Litér
dolomite.

- Setting up outdoor furniture at the site (3 tables, 8 benches, 3 trashbins made of
oak).
- Installation of a lavatory outside the castrum territory, next to the access road.
In 2005, architect Ágnes H. Vladár was assigned to complete the planning application
documents for the reconstruction of the northern walls and their environment. 9 In
addition to the reconstruction plans of the northern fortification walls and the two
tower gates, the representation of the residential building found at the northern wall
was also considered. The clay floor tiles, a part of the underfloor heating and several
storage pits will be represented later in the reception area of the large-scale building,
which was once an integral part of the fortification walls.
In 2005, the ruins received a protected monument status after the proposal of the
Town Municipality of Paks. 10 In 2008, another proposal was made to gain the
protected archaeological site status, which was realised in 2010. 11
The reconstruction of the northern wall and the two gate-towers were done in 2007-
2008, when the sandstone walls were rebuilt almost to their original height.
Archaeological research verified the location of the gate-tower, however, its
foundation was not found. As a result, its present version is only a representation of
the original construct, which was reconstructed in accordance with the relevant
heritage conservation laws. The tower-like structure is represented by cabers, which
also serves as base for the look-out and the roof section of the building.
9 H. Vladár Á.: Paks-Dunakömlőd Lussonium római kori erőd északi erődfal és- és környezete műemléki
helyreállítása – Építési engedélyezési tervdokumentáció, 2006, december és Paks-Dunakömlőd Lussonium
római kori erőd északi erődfal és- és környezete műemléki helyreállítás II. Ütem Északi kaputorony melletti
védőépület, északi kaputorony ácsszerkezete. Kiviteli Terv, 2007, május.
10 Műemléki törzsszám: 11440. A 1044/1 hrsz, mint műemlék mellett a 8480 hrsz. műemléki környezetbesorolást
kapott; NKÖM rendelet: 25/2005 (IX.16.)
11 KÖH védési és Nyilvántartási Iroda, azonosító: 20027

Reconstruction of the northern walls in September-October 2007

Reconstruction of the northern gate-tower in May 2008
During the construction works, a locust-tree fence and gate was also built to provide
adequate security in the territory.
The ceremonial opening of the second phase took place on 14th July 2008, when the
usual military display was accompanied by several other events. The programme
attracted more than 500 hundred visitors, demonstrating the high interest a
reconstructed Roman military fort could receive.

Ceremonial opening of the 2nd phase of Lussonium on 14th June 2008

The walls and gate-towers surrounding the castrum, along with the trenches bordering
the fortification help visitors to imagine the defensive functions of a Roman fort. The
Roman ruin garden at the southern part of the fort, together with the reconstructed
wall-piece on the northern section illustrates the size and position of the Roman
military fort on the Bottyán-rampart, where no constructions have been made since the
Rákóczi Uprising (1703-1711).

3. Project results
3.1 Comprehensive measures at the start of the project
The opportunity to apply for the Danube Limes – UNESCO World Heritage project
has also given a new impetus to the reconstruction works and future plans of the town.
However, it also became evident that this project does not allow new constructions,
and without such an investment, the protective building that was planned in 2006
could not be built.
Therefore, the Town Municipality of Paks has decided to use the project funds to
prepare and plan future constructions, continue with archaeological excavations and
promote the ruin garden for the general public. As a member of the Danube Limes –
UNESCO World Heritage project, the Town of Paks aimed to intensify archaeological
excavations at the Roman fort of Lussonium, prepare plans for an expanded visitor’s
ground and improve tourism in the region. These would serve as a best practice for the
utilisation and development of a World Heritage location in Hungary.
By utilising the full prospects of the project period, the town municipality has made
extra funds available from its own budget for the further development of Lussonium in
2009-2011.
By the end of 2010, the municipality has finished the installation of a night lighting
system on the northern wall and the two gate towers. The improvement, which had
been planned since 2009, was completed outside the Danube Limes project, with the
support of the Paks Nuclear Power Plant Ltd.
Similarly, a supply contract was signed with Pavill Ltd. to complete electricity
installation works at Lussonium. Open wires were installed outside the property line,
while underground power cables were utilised inside the property area.
The Town Municipality of Paks has also requested a bid price for planning the
reconstruction of the access road and its supplementary facilities, including the
building of a new pavement up to the site property line, new parking lots, supporting
walls, fences, sidewalks, stairs, rain-pipes and waste water treatment infrastructure.

In 2011 the municipality initiated new negotiations with the owners of the lots in the
fort’s puffer zone, with the aim of purchasing the territories.
The basis of a successful project is a workgroup consisting of professionals, who
provide a means to achieve goals. As a result, a project management group was formed
with the help of experts from the Town Municipality of Paks, who have a wide
experience in co-financed EU projects. The following actions were implemented in
order to attain the goals and tasks that were set up during the whole project:
• The realization of the project was ensured by the colleagues at the Town
Municipality of Paks, who have experience in the realization of co-financed EU
projects.
• We fulfilled the media events and the marketing activity related to the project
with the help of our Austrian partner, who was responsible for this division.
Apart from this, we made the best of special, locally-adapted representations in
the local press and media. The information tables at the fort are good examples
for the unique representation of each location, but also provide the means for
joint image making and coverage.
• We continued with archaeological excavations to prepare and provide material
for the exhibition of the restored fort instalments and other finds. We made a
contract with the Town Museum of Paks for the excavational and conservation
works.
• We prepared a viability study - by a contract made with an exterior professional
company - for the further utilisation of the location. Plans and documentations
were made on the horticultural utilisation of the area and the construction of a
visitor’s centre.
• We wanted to introduce the fort as one of the most representative monuments
of the Roman Age and thus an important part of Hungarian tourism and cultural
life. To realize this aim, we put installations on the spot and in the Town

Museum of Paks, which supervises the ruin garden, and we organised
contemporary Roman programmes associated with documentary performances.
The exact content and schedule of activities are determined by a workgroup
(management) made up by external and internal experts, who arrange meetings
weekly. Every member has their own field of work and responsibility. The
management has four key members:
1. The project manager is András Neiner, who concludes and coordinates
the different activities related to the project, keeps in touch within the
Town Municipality of Paks and the stakeholders, with the exterior
experts during the project and prepares the documents of the financial
setting, etc.
2. The professional and archaeological part of this project is led by Mrs
Dr. Várady née Péterfi Zsuzsanna, the director of the Town Museum
of Paks, and her colleagues, who provide great help as they take part in
excavations and the conservation actions.
3. Sebő Sánta is responsible for the drafting of financial reports and
periodic accounts.
4. During the first period of the project Attila Reznák helped as a technical
expert, later József Pál assisted him. Their tasks was to provide
assistance in solving technical problems, the phasing of the planning
scopes, the views of the technical plans, and counselling.
3.2 Finished activities
Archaeological excavation, conservation
Since 2009, all excavation projects have been carried out by the Town Museum of
Paks (Leader of excavations: Dr. Váradyné Péterfi Zsuzsanna) within the framework of
the Danube Limes project. Thus, the excavation periods became longer.

An agreement has been concluded on 12th August 2009, between the local
government of Paks and the Town Museum of Paks, to carry out archaeological works
at Lussonium, as well as preserving, documenting and exhibiting archaeological finds.
Following the acceptance of the contract, a geodesic test has been carried out at the
local government-owned area, allowing the accurate allocation of the two distinct
excavation sites within the territory.
Excavation in 2009
Excavation works started in 2009, on the northern part of the so-called 'Bottyánsánc',
at a lowly situated area just north of the outermost north-western fossa. On the grounds
of this site a visitor centre will be built. Until now, no artefacts were found in the 5 x
10 m unit at the excavation site. Nevertheless, further excavations are planned to be
conducted in the future by expanding the excavation site to the north and to the south.
This would enable the complete exploration of the location of the new visitor centre.
In addition, excavation works at last year’s site - situated at the north-eastern part of
Lussonium castellum, around the inner side of the northern walls - have been carried
on. A 10x10 m (ca. 100 m2) excavation trench was opened here last year, which was
further studied this year. Since the beginning of this year’s operations, experts have
managed to identify the exact width of the North-South Roman road that passes
through the centre of the military fort. The foundations of a building linked to this road
from the east were also discovered. Apart from the previous objects, several other
artefacts were found, including costumes, personal articles and ceramic bowls. These
date back to between the first and fourth centuries. The most notable artefact was
bronze emperor statue fragment, which was found during the end of the excavation
period in the vicinity of a layer of burnt soil. Its uniqueness is underlined by its size
and ornamentation. The artefact was transported to the Town Museum of Paks where,
after a preliminary cleaning process, it could be presented to the general public at a
national press conference.

The excavation of the statue leg
In order to gain a more detailed understanding of the uncovered archaeological finds
and structures and to evaluate the historical-archaeological context of the research, a
new north-south oriented excavation trench had to be opened. The new trench
extended the former one from the south, and provided valuable information on the
north-eastern part of the fort and its inner structures.

Ground layers at Unit No. 6., Excavation Site No. 1.
Furnace, Excavation Site No. 1.

The Town Museum of Paks handed in another request in September 2009, to dig the
supposed site of a cemetery that belongs to the military camp. The localisation of the
long-sought burial ground would provide valuable information on the topographic
conditions of the region during the Roman-era.
During the research, 6 looted graves were uncovered this year, but finds from the
upper layer indicate a more extensive cemetery site.
The cleaning of ceramic finds (2050 ceramic-fragments) from Lussonium had started
during the excavation period and was finished shortly after it.
Restoration works started during December. As a result, 203 bronze objects and
fragments, 444 iron objects and fragmentary pieces, along with 14 glass fragments will
be restored.
The documentation of the excavation, including the excavation diary, reports,
drawings and photos, was also completed.
The restoration of the bronze Emperor-statue fragment

The unrestored and restored statue fragment
Excavation in 2010
The new excavation that has started on 12th July 2010 and is still in progress at
Lussonium aims a more thorough archaeological research of the Roman military fort
and the cemetery next to it. The Town Museum of Paks also wishes to re-examine and
extend all available data regarding the Roman topography of the fort’s surroundings by
using the extensive fieldwalking method.
Lussonium, military fort
We continued the excavation of the north-eastern part of the fort, which was started in
2008. The site of 2010 (155 m2) is in the vicinity of last year’s site, situated slightly to
the south. One of the most important tasks was the clarification of the extent and
function of a building uncovered in 2009 on the eastern side of the Roman Age road.
Apart from the formerly discovered western end wall, the southern and eastern walls
were also found, along with two thinner partition wall-pieces, which are most probably

not contemporary structures. Based on the research conducted during recent weeks, the
building was renovated at least once and another building was built next to it (or
extended to it?), which is indicated by its southern end wall and recovered fragments
of the ground floor. It seems certain that the buildings were in use during the Late
Roman period since the soil layer, where the walls were found, contained numerous
coins from the Late Roman period, while the artefacts found in the lower layers were
solely from the Early- and Middle Imperial period. A large number of fragmentary
stone pieces and bricks were also recovered from this period. The determination of the
exact dimensions of the construct is quite difficult as the walls were looted or
demolished during later centuries. There are also no traces of the roman road at this
year’s site. However, the high number of red and yellow stripe-painted fragmentary
wall pieces and vegetal wall ornaments found near the walls is very helpful in
determining the exact function of the building(s). In the eastern part of the site we
managed to locate a filled-up hole surrounded by burnt layers of soil, which also the
place where the the fragmentary bronze emperor-statue was found in 2009.
The layer of soil where the Emperor-statue fragment was previously uncovered

In addition, two square-shaped furnaces were discovered, further supporting the belief
that this area functioned as a workshop during a later age.
Although the geophysical research of the fort in 2008 had limited results, two bigger
square-shaped buildings were still visible in the northern part of Lussonium, located
on the eastern and western side of the former Roman road. We planned to determine
the exact extent of each structure with the help of a 3 x 30 m archaeological trench
located in centreline of the buildings. However, no buildings were found in the trench,
only obscure ruins in the western and middle part of the site, on the western side of the
road. A circular stone furnace and a pit was also discovered in the western part of the
trench.
The circular furnace from Excavation ditch No. 1.
A grave from the 5th century pre-Hun Period was found in the eastern part of the
excavation, in which the body of noble woman and her jewellery were placed. We also
found a small baking furnace from the early Modern Age in the eastern end of the site.
The other important aspect of this year’s excavations was the archaeological
examination of the interior structure of the buildings in order to determine any
connections between the western fortification walls and the above mentioned

uildings. A west-east oriented archaeological trench was dug near the formerly
discovered western walls (Zsolt Visy, 1972). Even the lower layers were looted during
the early Modern Age, but we still managed to uncover the charred beam remains of
the fortification and its inner structures. Several buildings from the Roman Age are
indicated by the north-south oriented wall, large groundfloor-remains and ruins. These
remains can also be associated with a building from the Late Roman Age that was
connected to the western end wall. The archaeological research of the western end wall
was fairly successful as a large majority of the structure was looted (stone mining) and
thus destroyed.
Apart from the rich findings (garments, military equipment, coins) from the Roman
Age, a notable amount of items (pots, libertas, cannon ball) from the early Modern
Age were uncovered from the archaeological trench. Among these findings, this year’s
most significant artefact is a gilded bronze helmet plate with a christogram carving,
which is also the first item representing Early Christianity in the region.
Lussonium, Roman cemetery
The 2010 excavation also focuses on the Roman Age cemetery that we managed to
locate in 2009 on top of a mound northwest from Lussonium. This time, the
archaeological investigations were conducted slightly north from last year’s
authenticating excavation site. After the removal of the topsoil 40 rectangular stains
were discovered, which indicate the presence of graves. The excavation of the graves
is still in progress, with 19 having already been finished. The majority of the graves
are north/north-western-south/south-eastern oriented and the skeletons are in lying
position, however, all the graves are looted. Among the 19 excavated graves, only one
had stone lateral walls, the others were simply buried in the ground.
The large number of artefacts found during the excavations are being cleaned and
documented, their restoration is also imminent.
During the period of 2010 March-May, the artefacts from last year’s excavations were
restored, including the cleaning and conservation of 622 artefacts (487 bronze-, 125

iron- and 10 glass-made) along with the cleaning of 2050 ceramic objects, 5840 animal
bones and 450 human bones.
The most notable artefacts were photographically documented in 2010 April-May. As
a result 1654 photographs were made, 525 of which are suitable for academic use.
Excavation in 2011
The main objective of the archaeological research conducted between 25th July and
30th September, 2011 was to study the Roman military fort and the Roman auxiliary
vicus on the Bottyán-rampart.
In order to continue with the research of field objects that were sighted in 2010, an
archaeological section and 3 archaeological ditches were opened at the site. The
former Roman structures and their later looting was only indicated by stone debris and
large pits, otherwise no wall-sections were identified along the archaeological section.
The excavated objects included mostly home-made ceramic objects from the Middle
or Late Imperial period and the Early Modern Age.
Archaeological trench in 2011

No wall-pieces or wall trenches were located either in the T-shaped archaeological
ditches located south from the section. Apart from a few cases, only the western part
of the site yielded archaeological objects, where several storage pits and items from
the Middle and Late Imperial period were uncovered. The most interesting object of
this season, a set of bronze belt embossments, was also found here. Summarising the
results of the 2010-2011 excavations, it can be stated that storage pits, which were
previously located by Zsolt Visy in the north-western part of the fort, are located until
this part of the western side. However, the joining building could not uncovered,
except for a small wallpiece from 2010.
A north-south oriented wall-piece was uncovered in the 3rd archaeological ditch. The
structure is joined by the building wall that was found south from it in 2010.
Archaeological ditch No. 3. with N-S oriented walls
The last excavated section indicates that the former building was almost 11 m long.
The corner of the building was also found and the remaining parts of the former
horreum should be located to the west. The exact location is still unknown and could

only be determined with further excavations to the south direction. Late Roman finds
were uncovered around the wall in the upper layer, while the lower contained Middle
Imperial items, indicating the building time and use. Still, the 4th century finds clearly
show that the building was reconstructed in the Late Roman Age and continued to use
it. The different utilisation is suggested by the fact that a lot of terrazzo floor fragments
were found at border of Late Roman and Middle Imperial Age layers. It may also
happen that these served as a filling during the Late Roman period, however, this has
to be justified by further analysis.
This wall is also joined by two additional east-west oriented cross-walls, which certify
the multi-room layout of the building. The excavated objects from the multiple layers
prove that this structure was used during the Middle and Late Imperial period.
According to the building plans of the prospective reception building, further research
was conducted to the north of the fort in order to develop a security zone. Storage pits
from the Bronze Age and the Early and Middle Imperial period were found at this
place, along with the remains of furnace that had a burnt red hob. Due to the northern
erosion of the loess layer in the whole site, the archaeological objects were hard to
identify properly, causing a delay in the research.
The excavated material was transported to the Town Museum, where the processing of
the objects was started. During the process, 4300 ceramic pieces were cleaned and
repacked.
366 Roman bronze coins were restored, while the restoration of 65 bronze, 233 iron,
41 lead and 3 silver objects was also started.
More than 300 pieces of a fragmentary fresco was found at the place of the prospective
reception building. All floral ornamented pieces were cleaned and conserved.
Results and summary of archaeological excavations (2009-2011):
- A large ”representative” building that features fresco ornaments and terrazzo
flooring was uncovered at the north-eastern part of the fort.
- An iron and bone workshop functioned in the northern part of the fort before the
Late Roman Age (ca. 2nd-3rd century).

- No Roman buildings were found in the eastern side of fort, indicating that the high
walls were destroyed by Modern Age cultivation or General Bottyán during
Rákóczi’s War for Independence to support the walls of his wooden palisade.
- The storage pits that were found by Zsolt Visy at the north-western part of the fort
continued until the 2011/2. excavation ditch, but no adjoining buildings were
found, with the exception of small wallpiece from 2010.
- A north-south orientated building is located along the western part of the fort’s
midline. It was constructed during the Middle Imperial Period and was
reconstructed during the Late Roman period at least once.
- It is certain that there were residential buildings and structure close to the outmost,
3rd trench of the Roman fort. These belonged to the vicus which was located north
from the military fort. A north-south oriented stone building was also uncovered in
the area of the auxiliary vicus.

Locations of 2009-2011 excavations inside the castrum

3.3 Feasibility study
A decision was made to write a feasibility study on the utilisation of the site, including
a strategic plan on the development of services and a future investment at Lussonium.
The study also contains a concept on the improvement of touristic potential, the effects
and results of the improvement and schedule of its execution.
The reconstruction of the ruins of Lussonium alone will not be sufficient for the
increase of visitor numbers. Sadly, our historic heritage which dates back to more than
2000 years holds the attention of the general public only until the completion of
restorations and reconstructions. Preserved ruins decay without accomplishing their
cultural mission. In order to raise the attention of visitors on the theme, make them
learn about it and understand the spirit of the age, an adaptable development strategy
and identity policy has to be built. A new concept would be made that includes
suitable elements from national and international examples, while also learning from
their shortcomings. This unique concept would build on the characteristics of
Lussonium and will not imitate tourist attractions.
In compliance with the archaeological research project of the Roman fort of
Lussonium, an adaptable development plan has been made. Following a call for
tenders in line with the Public Procurement Law, the Kapos Innovációs Tanácsadó és
Kutatásfejlesztő Nonprofit Kft. was chosen to provide the required feasibility study,
which was completed in 2010 (Title: Design and Technical Planning). The main
sections of the study were the following: situation analysis, presentation of existing
good practice, defining the elements of the identity strategy, summary.

The front cover of the feasibility study
3.4 Information day
Paks (PP7) organised an information day, in order to promote direct contact with all
project partners and to show them what we are working on at Lussonium.
A high priority was given to regular communication with our Project Partners
(stakeholders). Apart from the frequent phone calls and e-mails, a personal meeting
was also arranged. An information day was held for the stakeholders in Paks and
Tengelic on 19th-20th November 2009. After the consultations of the first day,
participants visited Lussonium and the Town Museum of Paks on the second day,
where they could observe the bronze emperor statue fragment before its restoration.

CE Project „Danube Limes – UNESCO World Heritage“
1 CE 079 P4
Coordination workshop Tengelic, 19-20. 11. 2009
“Conclusions drawn from first two reporting periods, finetuning
of project activities for third reporting period”
Municipality of Paks
Dózsa Gy. u. 55–61, Paks, H-7030
www.paks.hu
19 November 2009.
PROGRAMME
12.00–13.00
Arrival, booking into the hotel
Venue: Hotel Orchidea, Tengelic
13.00-14.00
Lunch
Venue: Hotel Orchidea, Tengelic
14.45–18.00
Project meeting
Topics:
Project homepage
Project communication plan
Communication among partners
Steering Committee
15.45–16.00
Coffee break
17.15–17.30
Coffee break
Venue: Hotel Orchidea, conference room,
Tengelic
19.00
Dinner
Venue: Paks, Prelátus
20 November
From 7.00 a.m.
Breakfast
Venue: Hotel Orchidea, Tengelic
9.00-10.30
Visiting Lussonium
Venue: Dunakömlőd, Lussonium
11.00–13.00
Project meeting
10.45-11.00
Coffee break
Venue: Hotel Orchidea, conference room,
Tengelic
13.00
Lunch
Venue: Hotel Orchidea, conference room,
Tengelic
Topics:
First and second progress report
Consequences from the aspect of the
budget, planned activities and outputs

Participants of the information day visiting Lussonium on 20th November 2009.
3.5
3.6 Webpage
We wanted to construct an own webpage for Lussonium (www.lussonium.hu) since the
start of the project, which would not only serve as a static information base, but a
dynamic, interactive webpage with information for experts, videos, 3D graphics,
virtual tours, a geographical information system and various other applications. The
webpage also features several functions, including an informative, a professional and a
didactic one.
The call for tenders was issued until the end of 2009 and the new webpage of
Lussonium was completed by the middle of 2010. 12
12 Contractor: Pazirik Informatikai Kft. 7100 Szekszárd, Honvéd utca 25. II. emelet

The opening page of www.lussonium.hu
3.7 Horticultural plans
In order to provide access for visitors to Lussonium, a new horticultural concept had to
be created. The main aim of the horticultural plans in Lussonium is to provide a
visitor-oriented, high-quality, cultivated and aesthetic garden, which is able to
represent an authentic historic environment.
The officially approved plans arrived in 2010, but the call for proposals were issued
until the 15th month (end of 2009), in compliance with the management plans. 13
The completed horticultural plan concentrated mostly on the territory outside the
fortification walls, since exhibition rooms and the playground can only be built here,
considering that Lussonium is under archaeological and heritage protection. Moreover,
excavations are still under progress beyond the walls.
13 The horticultural plans were made by: LÉPTÉK-TERV Tájépítész Iroda Bt;1132 Budapest, Visegrádi utca 9.

Plans on the presentation of the former castrum
3.8 Reception building
The plans of the 180 m2 building, which will be situated outside the fort and will be an
integral part of the surface with its contemporary style, were made by Margit Pelényi.
The building will have multiple functions, including the reception of visitors and the
vending of entrance tickets, publications and replicas. A room suitable for various
activities (handicraft, lectures, presentations) and the making of temporary exhibitions

will also be included in the building. The equipment of summertime excavations will
also be stored in this building.
High quality services include a modern sanitary block, accessible parking lots,
pathways and a road-brick yard at the entrance hall.
The site plan of the reception building 14
The structure will protect the archaeological site, while the its plans are also in
compliance with the territory’s horticultural plans that were drafted before.
14 The building plan was made by: DU-PLAN Kft. 7624, Pécs, Ferencesek u. 24. Vezető tervező: Pelényi Margit

The ground plan of the reception building’s first floor
3.9 International conference
Conference logo and title

An international conference was organised by the Town Municipality of Paks on 9-11
June, 2011. The aim of the conference was to present archaeological parks located
along the former Roman limes in Central Europe, and to report of the results of our
activities and attained goals. The themes of the conference were the founding of
archaeological parks and their utilisation, operation, organisational structure, best
practices and the cooperation of such parks.
The 3-day-long conference, for which we sent more than 100 invitation cards across
Central Europe, was attended by several foreign presentators and a numerous
audience. Thematic presentations were given on all 3 days.
Aside from the presentations, participants visited the Town Museum of Paks, where
they saw the permanent exhibition and the temporary exhibition which displayed the
most recent archaeological finds from Lussonium.
The opening day of the conference – June 9th 2011

Exhibited roll-ups at the conference
2 English and Hungarian leporellos of Lussonium and the emperor statue fragment
were made for the conference, along with a 2012 calendar with pictures introducing
the Lussonium site, a DVD of the Roman military fort, and booklet that summarises
the 3-day-long event.
Last day’s event took place at Lussonium, where conference participants took part in
the so-called Lussonium day. These programmes, which attracted 1300 visitors, were
open to the general public as well.
Participants of the conference visiting Lussonium

Visitors of the Lussonium day
Scenes from the Lussonium day

The invitation card of the international conference with a programme schedule
For the participants of the conference
Lussonium programmes – 11 June 2011
From 10 40 – Greeting of arriving guests at the entrance gate
11 00 -11 30 – Guided tour of Lussonium with Prof. Dr. Zsolt Visy
11 30 -11 45 – ”A bird’s eye view of Lussonium”
11 45 -12 30 – Roman style cuisine tasting

Open programmes
From 12 00 : Greeting of arriving guests
12 30 -13 10 – Roman military display (Savaria Legio - cultural
researcher and traditional fighting society, Szombathely)
13 10 -13 30 – Gladiator fight
13 30 -14 00 – Roman slave-market
14 20 -14 40 – Celebrating the Matralia to honour Mater Matuta, the
goddess of dawn (Traditionally held on June 11)
From 14 00 – ”A bird’s eye view of Lussonium”, starting every hour
From 14 00 at the stands:
- Roman board games (Nine Men’s Morris, dice, Roman
chess) and activities based on the Roman
(dress up game, colouring sheets, memory
games and puzzles)
Age
- Handicraft-making (jewellery, painting of artefact replicas,
writing on wax tablets)
- Roman fashion show – Become a Roman fashion model!
- Roman marketplace (dried fruits, honey, spicy wines, Roman snacks,
brochures, postcards, games, etc.)
Promotion:
Posters, leporellos, postcards, calendars and exhibition catalogues were produced for
this special event, where all promotional materials reflected a unified image. The
events of the international conference were recorded with photos and videos.

3.10 The promotion of achieved goals, didactics (webpage, information signs,
exhibition, Night of the Museums)
Webpage:
www.lussonium.hu
Last year’s excavations showed the necessity of an own homepage for the Roman fort
of Lussonium, which would not only serve as a static information base, but a dynamic,
interactive webpage with information for experts, 3D graphics and Flash animations.
The webpage contains valuable information on the history of the Roman fort, 3D
reconstructions of the excavated and supposed buildings and provides news of current
excavation projects. Both the temporary exhibition and the international conference
were included in the news segment of our webpage. The page is constantly developed
and improved, with the English version also being discussed.
3.11 Information signs
The unified information signs cover general information of the era (Where are we on
the limes line? What is limes? etc.) However, individual signs were also placed at
Lussonium, which are multi-lingual, present specific details on the fort itself and
provide unique content to visitors.
The newly installed information signs are very important in the case of Lussonium,
since they help orientation in time and space. This is substantial at this site because the
lack of infrastructure (reception building, constant staff presence) means that there are
no facilities to serve the information and comfort needs of visitors coming to
Lussonium.
The call for tenders was issued until the end of 2009 and the new information signs
that help visitor orientation were placed in Lussonium in 2010.
Before entering the site, a multi-lingual (English, German, Hungarian) information
sign at the northern gate-tower familiarizes visitors with the history and Pannonian
status of Lussonium.

The bilingual (English, Hungarian) textual and visual signs across the Roman fort
inform visitors of the research history, the functions of uncovered structures and the
everyday life of a Roman fort.

At the Roman ruin garden, which was constructed in 2003, a coloured stone sign
indicates the location of the two southern gates, the barracks and the Late Roman
tower.

3.12 Temporary exhibition
Both the town leadership and the local museum expressed their interest to exhibit the
various archaeological finds that are uncovered during the project. The finding of the
rare bronze emperor-statue fragment meant that the exhibition planned for the end of
project was opened in 2010.
The title of the exhibition:
Languages: Hungarian and English
Exhibition opening: Tuesday, 18 May 2010, International Museum Day
Visualisation and implementation: Narmer Építészeti Stúdió, Budapest
Animations: Pazirik Informatikai Kft.
Theme of the exhibition
− Research history, archaeological excavations in text and picture (drawings,
photos)
− Reconstruction images
− Thematic grouping of archaeological finds:
- Military equipment, clothes
- Pottery products
- Other items
- Cults
− Two animation movies were made for the exhibition. These are based on the
excavated statue fragment and illustrate the reconstruction options of the
emperor statue and a 3D reconstruction of the buildings around the statue.

A reconstruction of the Emperor-statue

Temporary exhibition titled ”The Emperor’s LEGacy” in the Town Museum of Paks –
May 18th 2010
Promotional materials have also been made for the exhibition, including invitation
cards, flyers, posters and an exhibition catalogue.
The opening ceremony involved several other programmes: handicraft activities,
pottery, Roman fashion display, Roman food tasting and gladiator display.
Gladiator display at the Mayfair on May 18th 2010

Handicraft activities and pottery display
3.13 Exhibition catalogue
A bilingual (English-Hungarian) catalogue was published by the Town Museum of
Paks for the new temporary exhibition. The publishing was financed from the project
budget.
Editor: Szabó Antal
Contractor: Pazirik Informatikai Kft.
The 93 pages long exhibition catalogue reviews the research history of Lussonium,
introduces the functions of a Roman fort and guides visitors through the temporary
exhibition. The richly illustrated publication ends with the most complete bibliography
of Lussonium up to now.

The front page of the exhibition catalogue
3.14 Night of the Museums
Based on the temporary exhibition’s success, the Town Museum of Paks organised the
Night of the Museums event from its own budget in 2010. The main goal of the
occasion was the populsarisation of Lussonium and the project.
The guided tours started every hour with customed guides and quotes from antique
authors. Roman themed programmes were also a part of the attraction.

3.15 Evaluation of executed reconstruction from various perspectives
The fort of Lussonium, situated on top of the Bottyán-rampart in Paks-Dunakömlőd,
was an auxiliary fort and a part of the linear defence system of the Roman Empire in
Pannonia. The archaeological site is on an unbuilt territory, which is the property of
the Town Municipality of Paks. The site is partially excavated and under
archaeological protection. The southern part of the former castrum can be visited as a
ruin garden, while the northern walls and the gate-tower have been reconstructed. The
reconstructed fortifications indicate the defensive and border controlling function of
Lussonium.
The walls and gate-towers surrounding the castrum, along with the trenches bordering
the fortification help visitors to imagine the defensive functions of a Roman fort. The

Garden of Roman Ruins presented at the southern part of the fort, together with the
reconstructed wall-piece on the northern section illustrates the size and position of the
Roman military fort on the Bottyán-rampart, where no constructions have been made
since the Rákóczi Uprising (1703-1711).
The opportunity to provide information for visitors about the site is very important
both before and after the UNESCO – World Heritage nomination. However, this has to
be done with the consideration of heritage protection rules.
In order to become a World Heritage site, the core and puffer zones of the Lussonium
site have to be restricted. This was already accomplished in Paks, since the first zones
is the property of the Town Municipality of Paks, while the other ones are also in one
hand, which is quite rare nowadays. This way, the Town Municipality of Paks will not
have to make arrangements with other parties, should any problem occur. Thus, at the
start of the project, the main goal was to acquire at least the core zone for the town,
since it enables us to meet the requirements of heritage protection rules and World
Heritage locations. This was accomplished through the purchase of the territory
mentioned before. As for the puffer zone, there is no such pressure on the Town
Municipality. However, the town leadership is in direct connection with the owners of
the territories and discusses every case that affects these lands.

4. Operation plan
4.1 Management requirements
There are two main elements, which are strongly connected to each other, in the
operation of archaeological parks:
1. The conservation of archaeological finds and their professional
presentation.
2. The maintenance of the establishment and providing service to visitors.
The execution of the first tasks depends on the quality and quantity of archaeological
finds, which in the case of Lussonium is still partially open for discussion. Regardless,
recent excavations have revealed the location and inner structure of the castellum,
which can be presented as well. However, it is also important to illustrate all
archaeological finds as an understandable unit and build up a modern, practical
information system.
The maintenance of the establishment and visitor services can be implemented in
several phases that have to be scheduled properly. After the completion of the first
building phase (1993), the finished negotiations for the ownership of the territory and
the attainment of a protected status, the site is now fully accessible to visitors. The first
measure was the green rehabilitation of the landscape and the partial reconstruction of
the northern and southern gates. According to plans, several other buildings will be
presented, a new reception area and exhibition area will be built, while new
horticultural elements will also be introduced.
The new facilities have to be operated and maintained and, as a result, the following
requirements have to be taken into consideration during the planning process:
• The facilities should be an integral part of their natural surroundings and have
cost-efficient maintenance. Therefore, the following actions have to be taken:
- Planning the maintenance and development of natural landscape, plants.
- Using modern and maintainable building structures.

- Optimising the energy use of the site and its facilities, considering
seasonal operation.
- Establishing public utility services and planning long-term capacity
needs.
• Maintenance costs have to be partially/mostly covered by admission fee
incomes. Thus, the following elements of visitor service have to be given top
priority:
- Circumstances of reception (parking, admission, ticket sale),
- Conditions of stay (rest room, comfort services),
- Safety (accessibility, well built routes, security).
• Visitor numbers are determined by the added value of the service. The
following requirements have to be met in order to raise popularity:
- Visuality (rehabilitation of natural landscape, contemporary architectural
elements, information system, exhibition areas),
- Experience (guided tours, cultural programmes, interactive items, unique
presentations, gastronomy).
The Town Municipality of Paks plans to apply for other funds (DDOP, Alfa
Programme) to implement the complete plans.
Long-term sustainability is ensured by the co-operation with several local companies,
among which the Paks Nuclear Power Plant Ltd. is the most important partner. The
power plant helps regional plans to succeed through its own foundation. The support
of a World Heritage site is also a very beneficial project for the company.
4.2 Advantages and disadvantages of current visitor structure
In line with the World Heritage nomination, it would be recommended to differentiate
cultural/historic actions, events, according to their theme, date and place, thus offering
various programmes bound together to make them even more attractive and valuable
along the Pannonian Limes (Ripa Pannonica).
Several ruin gardens and museums along the Ripa Pannonica already have regular
programmes that promote Roman culture and military history, including Savaria =
Szombathely, Brigetio = Szőny, Aquincum = Budapest, Intercisa = Dunaújváros,

Lussonium = Paks, Dunakömlőd. These settlements originally had different functions
and structure: Savaria was a city (colonia), Brigetio and Aquincum were legionary
forts with the latter being the capital city of the province, Intercisa functioned as a
special auxiliary camp due to the local garrison of a Syrian archer regiment. Due to
these differences, each location may have its own image during their organised events
and attractions.
The site of Lussonium is a unique place, where the protection of the ruins is also
important, along with the satisfaction of technical criteria. The nature of the site also
means that weather conditions have to be taken into consideration and events should
be adapted to each season. Unique programmes can be organised, which might have
had an important role during Roman times. These should be established according a
theme, in which the beginning, development and ending sections of the event can be
differentiated. Each section should offer unique style and content, in order to make
them more attractive and memorable.
It is of high importance that local events should be integrated into the programmes of
Hungarian Limes locations, but also should have unique and distinguishing
characteristics. This way, every location would offer different services and attract
more visitors..
It is also important to define the general requirements of event organising, which
contribute to the success and organizability of each event:
• accurate theme defining
• creative scenarios
• compilation of a list of invited guests
• invitation card design
• posting of invitation cards
• assembling of a registration list
• preparation of press materials
• writing the schedules of the event
• communicational preparation of participants

• organising exclusive interviews
• acquiring the necessary technical equipment
• assigning professional staff
• providing photographer and video maker staff
• suggestions for possible gifts
• determining the manner of catering
• providing a press release for guests who could not take part in the event
4.3 Current annual programmes:
Programmes that promote Roman culture, the archaeological remains of the former
military camp already exist (Roman programmes of the summer camp, temporary
exhibitions, lectures on Roman culture). However, due to the inadequate infrastructure
of the ruin garden, these events are organised in the Town Museum of Paks.
In addition, scheduled groups often request guided tours in the Town Museum and
the ruin garden..
4.4 Proposed programmes/programme-packages:
During the proposal of prospective programmes and events along the Danube, the
above mentioned criteria have to be considered. For example, Lussonium and Intercisa
had a similar status (auxiliary fort) in the Roman Age. However, unlike Intercisa, no
further constructions were made in Lussonium during the Modern Age. As result, the
original size of the Lussonium fort is more or less perceivable. Last years’ excavations
have also revealed the size and defensive system of the fort, along with the location and
structure of the civilian settlement and the adjoining cemetery. Thus, programmes in
Lussonium should include a special approach on the provincial Roman life, which would
give these events a unique image.
The compilation of these programme packages can be conducted on two levels that
are related to each other.
1.) Local/micro-regional level

• After the completion of the reception building, the usual summer camps for
children will also take place in Lussonium, where participants take part in
activities in an authentic environment.
• Playhouses, which are organised during the school year at weekends, offer
pupils thematic activities and Lussonium could also be a place for such events.
• Guided tours at the museum or the site will be available for the regional
schools and other groups in the future too. However, the construction of the
reception building would improve the quality of tours: the guide could wear
Roman clothes and demonstrate replicas of original Roman items. For this a
group of 10-15 guides would be necessary, who would possess all required
information of Roman culture after some preparation. This staff would work
together with the museum in a contractor status.
• In line with the their educational programmes, unique history and local history
lessons could be held for the local or micro-regional schools during terms.
2.) National level
a) Forest School: The Town Municipality of Paks has won a tender in 2011 to
found a Forest School. Lussonium will be a part of the programme, serving as a
stop in the nature trail.
b) Guided tours: With the development of a visitor friendly environment, guided
tours can also become more regular. The professional requirements of these
tours are similar to those mentioned for the local/micro-regional level.
c) Exhibitions in Lussonium: A The future reception building will be suitable to
host informative temporary exhibitions that could be combined with various
lectures (e.g. reports on the results of an excavation with photo and drawing
illustrations, guest exhibitions that have a similar theme, contemporary art
displays that illustrate Lussonium and antique themes).

d) Programme Packages: Given a unified touristic programme to represent the
Ripa Pannonica, Lussonium could be an important part of the project, with its
unique location and unbuilt site.
Four season programmes in Lussonium
− Spring/early Summer
Matronalia festival: Spring is the time for sowing and the birth of new
life. These events would take place at weekends (e.g. 1st March) and
serve as a family programme commemorating a Roman spring festival.
Matronalia is a festival celebrating women in general, where visitors
could get to know the life of provincial Roman women from their
childhood until the elderly years.
School trips: Spring (May/Early June) is also a time of school trips. A
programme package could be made for this occasion as well, which
would also contain an entry to the exhibition areas of the Town Museum
of Paks and other attractions of the town
− Summer
Lussonium days could be held once a year before the start of the
excavation period. The main theme of the day-long event could be life at
a military fort along the Limes. This would include military displays, the
illustration of the everyday lives of soldiers and civilians in their
neighbourhood (military drills, leisure time, handicrafts, fashion,
religion).
Become an archaeologist: This programme could be held during the
excavation period, where participants can familiarize themselves with an
archaeological excavation and take part in a guided tour of the site. An
”excavation trench” will also be opened for children outside the fort,
where they can excavate and restore fragments of item replicas with the
assistance of our experts.
Weekend family days could be organised every month during summer

(June-August). These events would feature guided tours at the site,
handicraft and Roman themed activities (grain milling, pottery,
jewellery, introduction of Roman spices and recipes, food tasting, etc.).
− Autumn
Grape and Wine festival: Autumn is the time of harvesting and
preparation for winter. Programmes for this period include Roman wine
culture, the storage of crops, autumn clothing and fashion.
School trips: Similarly to springtime, autumn is also popular for school
trips. Thus, the programmes proposed for springtime school trips could
also be applied during this time of the year.
Journey from the past to future: A programme package integrating the attractions of
Lussonium, the Town Museum of Paks and the visitor centre of the Paks Nuclear
Power Plant. This package would allow for a travel through time, including a guided
trip in Lussonium, the tasting of a Roman-inspired menu in the Dunakömlőd
Fisherman’s Inn, a travel to the Town Museum of Paks in a Roman-style cart. Then a
bus would take them to the power plant’s visitor centre. The bus travel also includes a
tour across town.
4.5 The meaning and significance of Roman past and heritage to the citizen of
Paks
The citizens of Paks and its vicinity regard Lussonium as a place for cultural events
and are well aware of its importance in the development of tourism. Local memory has
preserved Roman presence in Paks. The citizens of Paks are proud of the Roman past
and rich heritage of the town, but also recognize that it is not sufficient to attract
tourists. They are well aware of the need for a better infrastructure, further
reconstruction and the erection of a reception building. Furthermore, the citizens
support the efforts of the local leadership to achieve these goals, in order to improve
the touristic services of Paks.

5. Sustainability plan
5.1 Analysis of the elements of financial sustainability
The costs of park maintenance should be separated into two parts:
1. Development funding demands,
2. Operational funding demands.
Incomes are determined by visitor dependent variables (e.g. admission fees, sales of
gifts, etc.) and independent variables.
The analysis includes the following criteria:
• All items included in the financial analysis were calculated using current prices
and an 8% discount rate that was set out previously.
• The financial analysis was based on the calculation method specified for public,
income generating projects.
• Incomes and costs were determined by using the method described in the
”Guide to the financial analysis of income generating projects”
• Since the applicant is not entitled to VAT (Value Added Tax) refund for the
investment, these costs have been determined by adding the 25% VAT that is
set out by the applicable law.
• Values included in the financial analysis are in Ft (HUF).
5.2 Financial cost and income analysis
„0” Version
This version analyses present day activities. The site can be visited freely, so no
income is generated. The yearly number of visitors is 2.000-3.000. Maintenance,
caretaking and other management costs can be determined by the wage loss of the
workers at the Town Museum of Paks. Since the site has no fences and permanent
security, a yearly 80.000 Ft damage arises due to vandalism and carelessness (e.g.
loitering).

Based on the previously stated facts, if no improvements are made in the coming
years, than the running costs of Lussonium, which do not include amortisation costs,
will be the following:
Running
costs 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
I.
250 000
Ft
263 600
Ft
278 288
Ft
294 151
Ft
311 283
Ft
329 786
Ft
349 769
Ft
1. Running
costs
170 000
Ft
183 600
Ft
198 288
Ft
214 151
Ft
231 283
Ft
249 786
Ft
269 769
Ft
2.
Maintenance
costs
80 000
Ft
80 000
Ft
80 000
Ft
80 000
Ft
80 000
Ft
80 000
Ft
80 000
Ft
TOTAL
COSTS
250 000
Ft
263 600
Ft
278 288
Ft
294 151
Ft
311 283
Ft
329 786
Ft
349 769
Ft
„A” Development plan
The development plan is based on the concept presented previously. The conception
states that a new protective and reception building will be constructed, while new
horticultural plans will also be realized. The costs of execution can not be covered by
the budget of the owner, the Town Municipality of Paks, so it plans to use non-onerous
funds from another tender: Development of touristic attractions and services (DDOP-
2.1.1/A.B-11). The maximum amount of applicable funds is 300 MFt, but the town
guarantees 5% self-financing. Since the development plans are well prepared (see
Plans), the execution of plans can be finished until Summer 2013.
The investment means that new employees have to be hired in order to provide
sufficient service:
• 1 person event organising (full-time job)
• 3 assistants (ticket sales, caretaking, etc. in full-time due to rotation)
• 1 person night guard
Maintenance and minor repairs will be done by the caretaking company of the town,
free of charge.

Further costs include the operation of the reception building, various touristic and
professional costs (conservation, marketing, etc.).
As a result, the following costs can be defined:
Development costs: 305 MFt, other implementation costs 10 MFt.
Wage costs:
The wage cost of the employee with a higher education degree (assuming an average
wage of 200.000 Ft) is 261.800 Ft a month. This amounts to 261.800 Ft x 12 months =
3.141.600 Ft.
As for the 3 employees with secondary education, gross monthly wages are 90.000 Ft,
so 4.163.400 Ft a year.
Total yearly wage cost of the night guard is 1.233.600 Ft.
Total yearly expenditure of wages is 8.538.600 Ft. The model includes a 1% wage
improvement per year.
Energy costs
Electricity costs:
Electricity demand per m2:
1,108 kW/m2/month
Estimated monthly demand
180 m2 x 1,108 kW/m2/month = 199,5 kW/ month
Average monthly costs of electricity usage:
39,60 Ft/kWh x 199,5 kWh = 7.900,-Ft
Yearly operation costs:
12 x 7.900,- Ft = 94.800,- Ft per year.
Water and sewage costs:
Estimated water usage and sewage load:
6 m3 per month, which at a price of 420 Ft/m3 amounts 30.240 Ft per year.

Heating costs: (based on the price of natural gas)
Yearly heating demand of the building: 128 GJ/year.
Gas demand: 128 000 MJ / 33 MJ/m3 = 3.878 m3 natural gas a year.
Costs: Based on a price of 105 Ft/m3: 407.190 Ft/year.
Total yearly energy costs : 532.230 Ft/year.
Based on the analysis, total costs will be the following:
1. Total
investment
cost
1.1.
Implementatio
n costs
1.2. Other
services
2. Total
running costs
2.1 Wages
costs
2.2. Operating
costs
2.3. Other costs
3. Residual
value
4. Total
financial cost
(1+2+3)
Presen
t value
266
251
334 Ft
257
995
478 Ft
8 255
855 Ft
50 068
487 Ft
43 207
892 Ft
2 603
825 Ft
4 256
770 Ft
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
0 Ft
0 Ft
0 Ft
0 Ft
0 Ft
0 Ft
0 Ft
255
000
000 Ft
250
000
000 Ft
5 000
000 Ft
5 335
415 Ft
4 269
300 Ft
266
115 Ft
800
000 Ft
60
000
000 Ft
55
000
000 Ft
5 000
000 Ft
9 956
216 Ft
8 623
986 Ft
532
230 Ft
800
000 Ft
0 Ft 0 Ft 0 Ft 0 Ft
0 Ft 0 Ft 0 Ft 0 Ft
0 Ft 0 Ft 0 Ft 0 Ft
10
042
456 Ft
8 710
226 Ft
532
230 Ft
800
000 Ft
10
129
558 Ft
8 797
328 Ft
532
230 Ft
800
000 Ft
10
217
531 Ft
8 885
301 Ft
532
230 Ft
800
000 Ft
10
306
384 Ft
8 974
154 Ft
532
230 Ft
800
000 Ft
0 Ft 0 Ft 0 Ft 0 Ft 0 Ft 0 Ft 0 Ft 0 Ft
316
319
820 Ft
0 Ft
260
335
415 Ft
69
956
216 Ft
10
042
456 Ft
10
129
558 Ft
10
217
531 Ft
10
306
384 Ft
Forecast of incomes
Incomes can be distributed to two major groups:
Admission fees of exhibitions, events, which can be divided into two price ranges, and
rentals incomes from lending rooms and other places of the institution.

The following chart shows admission fees, other incomes and visitor numbers at
museums with a similar profile as Lussonium. The data are based on the information
provided by each institution.
Museum name
Cella
Septichora
Savaria
Museum
Százhalombat
ta
Archaeologica
l Park
Historical
Museum of
Budapest –
Aquincum
Museum
Adult
1.200 -
1.600
Ft
Admission fees
Student/Chil
d
Reduce
d
600 Ft 600 Ft
700 Ft 300 Ft 350 Ft
1.200 600 Ft 600 Ft
520 -
1.300F
T
360 - 650Ft
360 -
520Ft
Guide
d
tours
800 -
3.200
Ft
2.000-
6.000F
t
2.000 -
4.000
Ft
2.000 -
5.000F
t
Other incomes
Rental
s
36.000
Ft /
hour
Unique
events
(e.g.
wedding
)
75.000
Ft /2
hours
2000 Ft /
event
Visitor
number
s
60.000
14.000 -
15.000
5.000-
6.000
1.0000
In the case of Lussonium, calculations were made using a 1.000 Ft admission fee for
adults, and a 600 Ft reduced ticket price. Visitor numbers are expected to be around
12.000 per year during the opening period, which would eventually rise to 15.000 by
2017. 35% of all visitors will buy an adult entrance ticket, while 65% will be entitled
to use a reduced price ticket. As a result, the following incomes are expected up to
2017:

Income
from
operating
activities
1. Admissio
n fees
1.1 Adult
1.2.
Reduced
2. Other
incomes
2.1 Rentals
TOTAL
INCOME
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
0 Ft
0 Ft
0 Ft
0 Ft
0 Ft
0 Ft
4 440
000 Ft
2 100
000 Ft
2 340
000 Ft
200 000
Ft
200 000
Ft
4 640
000 Ft
8 880
000 Ft
4 200
000 Ft
4 680
000 Ft
300 000
Ft
300 000
Ft
9 180
000 Ft
9 620 000
Ft
4 550 000
Ft
5 070 000
Ft
400 000
Ft
400 000
Ft
10 020
000 Ft
10 360
000 Ft
4 900 000
Ft
5 460 000
Ft
500 000
Ft
500 000
Ft
10 860
000 Ft
10 360
000 Ft
4 900 000
Ft
5 460 000
Ft
500 000
Ft
500 000
Ft
10 860
000 Ft
11 100
000 Ft
5 250 000
Ft
5 850 000
Ft
500 000
Ft
500 000
Ft
11 600
000 Ft
Summarizing future costs and incomes, the following exploitation plan is presented:
1.
Financial
investmen
t cost
2.
Financial
operation
cost
3. Credit
payment
4.Interest
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
0 Ft
0 Ft
255 000
000 Ft
5 335 415
Ft
60 000
000 Ft
9 956 216
Ft
0 Ft 0 Ft 0 Ft 0 Ft
10 042
456 Ft
10 129
558 Ft
10 217
531 Ft
10 306
384 Ft
0 Ft 0 Ft 0 Ft 0 Ft 0 Ft 0 Ft 0 Ft
0 Ft 0 Ft 0 Ft 0 Ft 0 Ft 0 Ft 0 Ft
payment
5. Other 0 Ft 0 Ft 0 Ft 0 Ft 0 Ft 0 Ft 0 Ft
6. Cashflow
of
expenses
1+2+3+4
+5
7.
Financial
income
8. EU
support
0 Ft
0 Ft
0 Ft
260 335
415 Ft
4 640 000
Ft
242 250
000 Ft
69 956
216 Ft
9 180 000
Ft
57 000
000 Ft
10 042
456 Ft
10 020
000 Ft
10 129
558 Ft
10 860
000 Ft
10 217
531 Ft
10 860
000 Ft
10 306
384 Ft
11 600
000 Ft
0 Ft 0 Ft 0 Ft 0 Ft

9.
National
contributi
on
(10+11)
10.
Federal
budget
contributi
on
11. Net
assets
(12+13)
12. Own
resources
(cash,
workforce
contributi
on)
13.
Foreign
liabilities
(14+15)
0 Ft
13 445
415 Ft
3 776 216
Ft
0 Ft 0 Ft 0 Ft 0 Ft
0 Ft 0 Ft 0 Ft 0 Ft 0 Ft 0 Ft 0 Ft
0 Ft
0 Ft
13 445
415 Ft
13 445
415 Ft
3 776 216
Ft
3 776 216
Ft
0 Ft 0 Ft 0 Ft 0 Ft
0 Ft 0 Ft 0 Ft 0 Ft
0 Ft 0 Ft 0 Ft 0 Ft 0 Ft 0 Ft 0 Ft
14. Debts 0 Ft 0 Ft 0 Ft 0 Ft 0 Ft 0 Ft 0 Ft
15. Other
foreign
liabilities
0 Ft 0 Ft 0 Ft 0 Ft 0 Ft 0 Ft 0 Ft
16.
Financial
residual
value
17.
Income
cash-flow
7+8+9+1
6
18. Net
total
financial
cash-flow
17-6
19. Net
cumulati
ve
0 Ft 0 Ft 0 Ft 0 Ft 0 Ft 0 Ft 0 Ft
0 Ft
260 335
415 Ft
69 956
216 Ft
0 Ft 0 Ft 0 Ft
0 Ft 0 Ft 0 Ft
10 020
000 Ft
-22 456
Ft
-22 456
Ft
10 860
000 Ft
730 442
Ft
707 986
Ft
10 860
000 Ft
642 469
Ft
1 350 455
Ft
11 600
000 Ft
1 293 616
Ft
2 644 070
Ft

financial
cash-flow
According to the previous analysis, if the investment would be realized, the
archaeological park could be operated with a relatively low loss in the first year, while
the following years would be profitable.
5.3 Analysis of economic benefits
Assumption
Since the financial support needs of the future project are below 1 M€, the cost-benefit
analysis is conducted in a simplified manner, without numeric costs and gains.
Presentation of economic costs and gains
Since the resulting economic gains of this project are difficult to enumerate (apart
from the economic benefits of improved tourist arrival rates, a change in cultural
consumption mainly improves the quality of life among residents), the indirect social
benefits will be listed. These support the necessity of project implementation.
Positive economic benefits:
• The cultural industry increases which also develops businesses and contributes
to the wealth increase of enterprises and citizens alike.
• The town and the region attracts more investors.
• Local business tax and tourist tax incomes increase.
• Competition in services and employment increases, quality improvements
• Positive town-image
• Stronger local identity and social cohesion, which improves event
organising opportunities and cultural supplies.
• The town municipality’s assets increase.
Negative economic benefits:
• The growth of tourism also increases environmental burden.
• The increase in tourist arrival rates may deteriorate public security in the town.

The impact map of the project
The consequences generated by the project are illustrated on the following impact map:
5.4 Sensitivity and risk analysis
Sensitivity analysis
The expected return rate of the project is based on several items (inputs, impact
factors), the change of which can significantly affect the result of calculations. The
identification of the items and the forecast of their effect are introduced in a sensitivity
and risk analysis. The main point of the analysis are the following:
• Identification and grouping (direct and indirect) of impact factors having a
significant effect on financial calculations, filtering indirect impacts.
• Analysis of impact rates, selection of critical factors. By critical, we mean that
the criterion with a 1% change may cause a significant 5% or higher change in
the financial indicator rates.
• Threshold value calculation for critical factors. Threshold value is the amount of
the critical factor that effects financial and economic rate of return.
The analysis revealed that there are no criteria that may cause a significant, higher than
5% change in the financial and economic indicators. The most notable change is
experienced during the change in project completion costs.

Impact factors FNPV FRR
Investment costs
Project completion costs -0,9 % -0,9 %
Services -0,1 % -0,1 %
Overhead costs
Maintenance 0,0 % 0,0 %
Renovation, repairs 0,0 % -0,1 %
On the basis of the previous statements, no critical factors could be identified, the
negative present value of the project is not significantly influenced by the inputs.
Risk analysis
The goal of the risk analysis is to determine those unfavourable events that could
influence the completion and operation requirements of the project, and to find their
management prospects.
Firstly, we inspected the risks and their rate of impact on the completion,
sustainability, economic and financial relations of the project. The Town Municipality
of Paks can minimise the identified risks with the help of a risk management strategy
that contains responses to each risk factor.
The content and probability of each identifiable risk during the project’s
implementation and operation periods are listed accordingly:
A delay in the preparation of the project: In order to start the project within the
planned time frame the permission of the specialized authority is needed, since public
procurement programmes can only be completed after this. If there is a delay in
acquiring the permissions, there would be a significant change in the start of project
implementation. This means that works could only start during the rainy autumn
season. Considering that the assessment of the planning application documents is
already in progress and request were sent to acquire public procurement counselling
services, preparations only pose a minor risk to the start of the project.
Time frame of project implementation: The time frame of the project is 24 months
from the signing of the grant agreement. Risks include the delay in public procurement
agreements and unfavourable weather conditions. According to plans, however, the

whole implementation takes 24 months at most (even with reserve time). Time frame
has a low risk rate for the project implementation.
Technical faults and damages: The risk of technical damages in the planned facilities
is minimal.
Delay in similar regional touristic developments: The loss of expected economic
revenues from recent improvements made in the town and the region (e.g. Erzsébet
Grand Hotel, nature trail, etc.) may decrease tourism, but the development proposed
within the project framework is attractive enough.
Insecurity of the touristic environment: The lack of expected increase in tourism
could be risk for the sustainability of the site. However, the current economic situation
strengthens national tourism, which is a positive sign for the future.
Change of law: The operation of the cultural complex could be affected by law
changes as it might change management and activities. No changes are expected for
the near future since current laws are already in line with the EU law system.
Resistance of locals: The residents of the town support cultural improvements. No
residential resistance is expected in relation with the project.
Failure to attain financial support through the DDOP application: Without the
applied funds, the project can not be completed by the town. The negative decision on
the application is the biggest risk factor.
Changes in the ownership of properties that are related to the project: The project
affects properties that are already owned by the Town Municipality of Paks and no
ownership changes are expected.
Necessary resolutions and permissions of authorities: The owner has already
received all necessary permissions for the completion of the project.
Direct ecologic effects: No extra negative effects or significant changes are expected
in the projects direct environment.
Delays in the completion of connected development projects: The project
completion has no other development requirements, project works can be started
anytime.
The above mentioned risk factors are listed in the following table according to the

probability of their occurrence and impact factor. Numerals included in the table
indicate each risk factor, their explanation can be found under the table.
Horizontal notes from up to down: Risk rate (low, medium, high)
Risk potential rate (low, medium, high)
Vertical nots from left to right: Risk probability (low, medium, high)
1. Delay in the preparation of the project (Technical risk)
2. Time-frame of project implementation – 24 months (Technical risk)
3. Technical faults and damages (Technical risk)
4. Delay in similar regional touristic developments (Financial-economic,
sustainability risk)
5. Insecurity of touristic environment (Financial-economic, sustainability risk)
6. Change of law (Law risk)

7. Resistance of locals (Social risk)
8. Failure to attain financial support through the DDOP application (Financialeconomic,
sustainability risk)
9. Changes in the ownership of properties that are related to the project
(Institutional risk)
10. Necessary resolutions and permissions of authorities (Institutional risk)
11. Direct ecologic effects (Institutional risk)
12. Delays in the completion of connected development projects (Technical
risk)
Risk-management analysis
The following risk-management strategy will be implemented to reduce the probability
of risks and to manage them after their occurrence.
Managing law risk factors: The notary of the local government will provide support
to law changes.
Managing social risk factors: The development has a wide social support, the town
mayor is responsible for the management of social risk factors.
Managing technical risk factors: The management is fully responsible for the
preparation of the project. Risk reduction is implemented by including cancellation
penalties and performance bonds in the signed contracts. A reserve time is included for
every completion phase.
Managing financial risk factors: During the financial rate of return analysis it was
obvious that the investment will not be profitable. It has minimal operational costs,
which are guaranteed by the Town Municipality of Paks. The project can not be
completed in case of a negative response to the project application. However, this risk
factor can not be filtered out.
Managing institutional risk factors: The owner will manage minimal institutional
risk factors after the completion of the project and work within its own competence,
using available methods (resolutions, regulations).

6. Summary
I. Lussonium before the project, a general overview (history of research, general
state of affairs, operative issues)
Excavations at the Roman fort of Lussonium, located in Paks-Dunakömlőd on the top
of the Bottyán-rampart, have become regular since 1987. Due to local stone mining
activities in later ages, the remains of this well situated fort were not in a good condition.
However, several parts were regarded as ideal candidates for a historic restoration, an
idea which gained support during the 1980s.
In order to present the archaeological finds from Lussonium and the local history of
Paks, the Town Museum of Paks was founded in 1993 and was opened in 1994. The
most notable artefacts from Lussonium were exhibited in 1995, when the permanent
exhibition was opened The new museum paid attention to the promotion of Roman
culture and the history of Pannonia province to the locals.
Following the Limes Conference arranged by Hungary in 2003, the Town
Municipality of Paks could start the reconstruction project, which was financed from
its own budget and external funds.
In 2001-2002 preparatory actions have been introduced for the reconstruction of
historical heritage. Reconstruction works of the Roman fort started in spring 2003,
based on the architectural plans of Ágnes H. Vladár. As a result, a section of the
southern wall, the two gate-towers, several rooms of a military building and the 5th
century tower were partially reconstructed. A ballast-road was also built across the
plateau and a new landscaping action was started.
The opening ceremony of Lussonium and the Garden of Roman Ruins was held
on 28th August 2003, when the first phase of the reconstruction project was
presented to the general public.
During the first phase, the leadership of Paks has already expressed its intention of
further development in Lussonium. Thus, a minimal infrastructural improvement was
made in 2004: a drinking-fountain and garden furniture were placed, while the road
leading to the ruins was also paved.

In 2005, architect Ágnes H. Vladár was assigned to complete the planning application
documents for the reconstruction of the northern walls and their environment. In
addition to the reconstruction plans of the northern fortification walls and the two
tower gates, the representation of the residential building found at the northern wall
was also considered. The clay floor tiles, a part of the underfloor heating and several
storage pits will be represented in the reception area of the large-scale building, which
was once an integral part of the fortification walls.
The reconstruction of the northern wall and the two gate-towers started in 2007, when
the sandstone walls were rebuilt almost to their original height. Archaeological
research verified the location of the gate-tower, however, its foundation was not found.
As a result, its present version is only a representation of the original construct, which
was reconstructed in accordance with the relevant heritage conservation laws. The
tower-like structure is represented by cabers, which also serves as base for the look-out
and the roof section of the building.
During the construction works, a locust-tree fence and gate was also built to provide
adequate security in the territory.
The walls and gate-towers surrounding the castrum, along with the trenches bordering
the fortification help visitors to imagine the defensive functions of a Roman fort. The
Garden of Roman Ruins presented at the southern part of the fort, together with the
reconstructed wall-piece on the northern section illustrates the size and position of the
Roman military fort on the Bottyán-rampart, where no constructions have been made
since the Rákóczi Uprising (1703-1711).
II. Necessary overall measures at the start of the project:
The opportunity to apply for the Danube Limes – UNESCO World Heritage project
has also given a new impetus to the reconstruction works and future plans of the town.
However, it also became evident that this project does not allow new constructions,
and without such an investment, the protective building that was planned in 2006
could not be built

Therefore, the Town Municipality of Paks has decided to use the project funds to
prepare and plan future constructions, continue with archaeological excavations and
promote the ruin garden for the general public.
As a member of the Danube Limes – UNESCO World Heritage project, the Town of
Paks aimed to intensify archaeological excavations at the Roman fort of Lussonium,
prepare plans for an expanded visitor’s ground and improve tourism in the region.
These would serve as a best practice for the utilisation and development of a World
Heritage location in Hungary.
The excavation of the site was started decades ago. The southern gate, the barracks to
the north and the Late Roman small fort were reconstructed in 2003 and were opened
to visitors, who can take a walk at the ruins free of charge.
The basis of a successful project is a workgroup consisting of professionals, who
provide a means to achieve goals. As a result, a project management group was formed
with the help of experts from the Town Municipality of Paks, who have a wide
experience in co-financed EU projects. The following actions were implemented in
order to attain the goals and tasks that were set up during the whole project:
• The realization of the project was ensured by the colleagues at the Town
Municipality of Paks, who have experience in the realization of co-financed EU
projects.
• We fulfilled the media events and the marketing activity related to the project
with the help of our Austrian partner, who was responsible for this division.
Apart from this, we made the best of special, locally-adapted representations in
the local press and media. The information tables at the fort are good examples
for the unique representation of each location, but also provide the means for
joint image making and coverage.
• We continued with archaeological excavations to prepare and provide material
for the exhibition of the restored fort instalments and other finds. We made a
contract with the Town Museum of Paks for the excavational and conservation
works.

• We prepared a viability study - by a contract made with an exterior professional
company - for the further utilisation of the location. Plans and documentations
were made on the horticultural utilisation of the area and the construction of a
visitor’s centre.
• We wanted to introduce the fort as one of the most representative monuments
of the Roman Age and thus an important part of Hungarian tourism and cultural
life. To realize this aim, we put installations on the spot and in the Town
Museum of Paks, which supervises the ruin garden, and we organised
contemporary Roman programmes associated with documentary performances.
The exact content and schedule of activities are determined by a workgroup
(management) made up by external and internal experts, who arrange meetings
weekly. Every member has their own field of work and responsibility. The
management has four key members:
1. The project manager is András Neiner, who concludes and coordinates
the different activities related to the project, keeps in touch within the
Town Municipality of Paks and the stakeholders, with the exterior
experts during the project and prepares the documents of the financial
setting, etc.
2. The professional and archaeological part of this project is led by Mrs
Dr. Váradyné Péterfi Zsuzsanna, the director of the Town Museum of
Paks, and her colleagues, who provide great help as they take part in
excavations and the conservation actions.
3. Sebő Sánta is responsible for the drafting of financial reports and
periodic accounts.
4. During the first period of the project Attila Reznák helped as a technical
expert, later József Pál assisted him. Their tasks was to provide

assistance in solving technical problems, the phasing of the planning
scopes, the views of the technical plans, and counselling.
III. Finished activities:
Excavation, conservation:
The most important activities are excavation and restoration. These have been
executed with great care and expertise by the Town Museum of Paks since Summer
2009, mostly during a 2-3 month long excavation period. The successive
archaeological research uncovered new buildings, a large number of ceramic and other
objects, and a bronze emperor statue's leg, which is regarded as an outstanding find
even in Europe. After a careful cleaning and conservation, the statue fragment was
shown at the museum's new temporary exhibition. The artefact has thus become the
trademark of the high quality work done at our excavations.
Feasibility study:
A decision was made to write a feasibility study on the utilisation of the site, including
a strategic plan on the development of services and a future investment at Lussonium.
The study also contains a concept on the improvement of touristic potential, the effects
and results of the improvement and schedule of its execution.
Information day:
Paks (PP7) organised an information day, in order to promote direct contact with all
project partners and to show them what are working on at Lussonium.
Webpage:
We wanted to construct an own webpage for Lussonium (www.lussonium.hu), which
would not only serve as a static information base, but a dynamic, interactive webpage
with information for experts, videos, 3D graphics, virtual tours, a geographical
information system and various other applications. The webpage also features several
functions, including an informative, a professional and a didactic one.
Horticultural plans: Reception building

In order to provide access for visitors to Lussonium, a new horticultural concept had to
be created. The main aim of the horticultural plans in Lussonium is to provide a
visitor-oriented, high-quality, cultivated and aesthetic garden, which is able to
represent an authentic historic environment.
The completed horticultural plan concentrated mostly on the territory outside the
fortification walls, since exhibition rooms and the playground can only be built here,
considering that Lussonium is under archaeological and heritage protection. Moreover,
excavations are still under progress beyond the walls.
Visitor's centre:
The plans of the 180 m2 building, which will be situated outside the fort and will be an
integral part of the surface with its contemporary style, were made by Margit Pelényi.
The building will have multiple functions, including the reception of visitors and the
vending of entrance tickets, publications and replicas. A room suitable for various
activities (handicraft, lectures, presentations) and the making of temporary exhibitions
will also be included in the building. The equipment of summertime excavations will
also be stored in this building.
High quality services include a modern sanitary block and a road-brick yard at the
entrance hall.
International conference:
An international conference was organised by the Town Municipality of Paks on 9-11
June, 2011. The aim of the conference was to present archaeological parks located
along the former Roman limes in Central Europe, and to report of the results of our
activities and attained goals. The themes of the conference were the founding of
archaeological parks and their utilisation, operation, organisational structure, best
practices and the cooperation of such parks. The 3-day-long conference, for which we
sent more than 100 invitation cards across Central Europe, was attended by several
foreign presentators and a numerous audience.

Promotion:
Posters, leporellos, postcards, calendars and exhibition catalogues were produced for
this special event, where all promotional materials reflected a unified image. The
events of the international conference were recorded with photos and videos.
IV. The promotion of achieved goals, didactics (webpage, information signs,
temporary exhibition)
Webpage: www.lussonium.hu
Last year’s excavations showed the necessity of an own homepage for the Roman fort
of Lussonium, which would not only serve as a static information base, but a dynamic,
interactive webpage with information for experts, 3D graphics and Flash animations.
The calls for tenders were issued until the end of 2009 and the new webpage of
Lussonium was completed by the middle of 2010 (Developer: Pazirik Kft.). The
webpage contains valuable information on the history of the Roman fort, 3D
reconstructions of the excavated and supposed buildings and provides news of current
excavation projects. The page is constantly developed and improved, with the English
version also being discussed.
Information signs:
The unified information signs cover general information of the era (Where are we on
the limes line? What is limes? etc.) However, individual signs were also placed at
Lussonium, which are multi-lingual, present specific details on the fort itself and
provide unique content to visitors.
Exhibition:
Both the town leadership and the local museum expressed their interest to exhibit the
various archaeological finds that are uncovered during the project. The finding of the
rare bronze emperor-statue fragment gave a new impetus to realization of the plans.
The exhibition, which opened in May 2009, could be visited for a year.
V. Operational requirements:
There are two main elements, which are strongly connected to each other, in the
operation of archaeological parks:

1. the conservation of archaeological finds and their professional presentation
2. the maintenance of the establishment and providing service to visitors
The execution of the first tasks depends on the quality and quantity of archaeological
finds, which in the case of Lussonium is still partially open for discussion. Regardless,
recent excavations have revealed the location and inner structure of the castellum,
which can be presented as well. However, it is also important to illustrate all
archaeological finds as an understandable unit and build up a modern, practical
information system.
The maintenance of the establishment and visitor services can be established in several
phases that have to be scheduled properly. Having finished negotiations for the
ownership of the territory and gaining a protected status for the site, it is now fully
accessible to visitors. The first measure was the green rehabilitation of the landscape
and the partial reconstruction of the northern and southern gates. According to plans,
several other buildings will be presented, a new reception area and exhibition area will
be built, while new horticultural elements will also be introduced.
The new facilities have to be operated and maintained and, as a result, the following
requirements have to be taken into consideration during the planning process:
• The facilities should be an integral part of their natural surroundings and have
cost-efficient maintenance. Therefore, the following actions have to be taken:
- planning the maintenance and development of natural landscape, plants,
- using modern and maintainable building structures,
- optimising the energy use of the site and its facilities, considering seasonal
operation,
- establishing public utility services and planning long-term capacity needs.
• Maintenance costs have to be partially/mostly covered by admission fee
incomes. Thus, the following elements of visitor service have to be given top
priority:
- circumstances of reception (parking, admission, ticket sale),

- conditions of stay (rest room, comfort services),
- safety (accessibility, well built routes, security).
• Visitor numbers are determined by the added value of the service. The
following requirements have to be met in order to raise popularity:
- visuality (rehabilitation of natural landscape, contemporary architectural elements,
information system, exhibition areas),
- experience (guided tours, cultural programmes, interactive items, unique
presentations, gastronomy).
The Town Municipality of Paks plans to apply for other funds (DDOP, Alfa
Programme) to implement the complete plans.
Long-term sustainability is ensured by the co-operation with several local companies,
among which the Paks Nuclear Power Plant Ltd. is the most important partner. The
power plant helps regional plans to succeed through its own foundation. The support
of a World Heritage site is also a very beneficial project for the company.
Financial control and sustainability
Analysis of the elements of financial sustainability
The costs of park maintenance should be separated into two parts:
1. Development funding demands,
2. Operational funding demands.
Incomes are determined by visitor dependent variables (e.g. admission fees, sales of
gifts, etc.) and independent variables.
The analysis includes the following criteria:
• All items included in the financial analysis were calculated using current prices
and an 8% discount rate that was set out previously.
• The financial analysis was based on the calculation method specified for public,
income generating projects.
• Incomes and costs were determined by using the method described in the
”Guide to the financial analysis of income generating projects”

• Since the applicant is not entitled to VAT (Value Added Tax) refund for the
investment, these costs have been determined by adding the 25% VAT that is
set out by the applicable law.
• Values included in the financial analysis are in Ft (HUF).
„0” Version
This version analyses present day activities. The site can be visited freely, so no
income is generated. The yearly number of visitors is 2.000-3.000. Maintenance,
caretaking and other management costs can be determined by the wage loss of the
workers at the Town Museum of Paks. Since the site has no fences and permanent
security, a yearly 80.000 Ft damage arises due to vandalism and carelessness (e.g.
loitering).
Based on the previously stated facts, if no improvements are made in the coming
years, than the running costs of Lussonium, which do not include amortisation costs,
will be the following:
Running costs 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
250 000 263 600 278 288 294 151 311 283 329 786 349 769
I.
Ft Ft Ft Ft Ft Ft Ft
1. Running 170 000 183 600 198 288 214 151 231 283 249 786 269 769
costs
Ft Ft Ft Ft Ft Ft Ft
2.
Maintenance
80 000 80 000 80 000 80 000 80 000
costs 80 000 Ft 80 000 Ft Ft Ft Ft Ft Ft
TOTAL 250 000 263 600 278 288 294 151 311 283 329 786 349 769
COSTS
Ft Ft Ft Ft Ft Ft Ft
„A” Development plan
The development plan is based on the concept presented previously. The conception
states that a new protective and reception building will be constructed, while new
horticultural plans will also be realized. The costs of execution can not be covered by
the budget of the owner, the Town Municipality of Paks, so it plans to use non-onerous
funds from another tender: Development of touristic attractions and services (DDOP-
2.1.1/A.B-11). The maximum amount of applicable funds is 300 MFt, but the town

guarantees 5% self-financing. Since the development plans are well prepared (see
Plans), the execution of plans can be finished until Summer 2013.
The investment means that new employees have to be hired in order to provide
sufficient service:
• 1 person event organizator (full-time job)
• 3 assistants (ticket sales, caretaking, etc. in full-time due to rotation)
• 1 person night guard
Maintenance and minor repairs will be done by the caretaking company of the town,
free of charge.
Further costs include the operation of the reception building, various touristic and
professional costs (conservation, marketing, etc.).
As a result, the following costs can be defined:
Development costs: 305 MFt, other implementation costs 10 MFt.
Wage costs:
The wage cost of the employee with a higher education degree (assuming an average
wage of 200.000 Ft) is 261.800 Ft a month. This amounts to 261.800 Ft x 12 months =
3.141.600 Ft.
As for the 3 employees with secondary education, gross monthly wages are 90.000 Ft,
so 4.163.400 Ft a year.
Total yearly wage cost of the night guard is 1.233.600 Ft.
Total yearly expenditure of wages is 8.538.600 Ft. The model includes a 1% wage
improvement per year.
Energy costs
Electricity costs:
Electricity demand per m2:
1,108 kW/m2/month
Estimated monthly demand
180 m2 x 1,108 kW/m2/month = 199,5 kW/ month
Average monthly costs of electricity usage:

39,60 Ft/kWh x 199,5 kWh = 7.900,-Ft
Yearly operation costs:
12 x 7.900,- Ft = 94.800,- Ft per year.
Water and sewage costs:
Estimated water usage and sewage load:
6 m3 per month, which at a price of 420 Ft/m3 amounts 30.240 Ft per year.
Heating costs: (based on the price of natural gas)
Yearly heating demand of the building: 128 GJ/year.
Gas demand: 128 000 MJ / 33 MJ/m3 = 3.878 m3 natural gas a year.
Costs: Based on a price of 105 Ft/m3: 407.190 Ft/year.
Total yearly energy costs : 532.230 Ft/year.
Based on the analysis, total costs will be the following:
1. Total
investment cost
1.1.
Implementation
costs
1.2. Other
services
2. Total
running costs
2.1 Wages costs
2.2. Operating
costs
2.3. Other costs
Present
value
266 251
334 Ft
257 995
478 Ft
8 255 855
Ft
50 068 487
Ft
43 207 892
Ft
2 603 825
Ft
4 256 770
Ft
201
1 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
0 255 000 60 000
Ft 000 Ft 000 Ft 0 Ft 0 Ft 0 Ft
0 250 000
Ft 000 Ft
0 5 000 000
Ft Ft
0 5 335 415
Ft Ft
0 4 269 300
Ft Ft
0
Ft 266 115 Ft
0
Ft 800 000 Ft
55 000
000 Ft 0 Ft 0 Ft 0 Ft
5 000 000
Ft 0 Ft 0 Ft 0 Ft
9 956 216 10 042 10 129 10 217
Ft 456 Ft 558 Ft 531 Ft
8 623 986 8 710 226 8 797 328 8 885 301 8
Ft Ft Ft Ft
532 230 532 230 532 230 532 230
Ft Ft Ft Ft 53
800 000 800 000 800 000 800 000
Ft Ft Ft Ft 80

3. Residual
value
4. Total
financial cost
(1+2+3)
Forecast of incomes
0 Ft
316 319
820 Ft
0
Ft 0 Ft 0 Ft 0 Ft 0 Ft 0 Ft
0
Ft
260 335
415 Ft
Incomes can be distributed to two major groups:
69 956
216 Ft
10 042
456 Ft
10 129
558 Ft
Admission fees of exhibitions, events, which can be divided into two price ranges, and
rentals incomes from lending rooms and other places of the institution.
The following chart shows admission fees, other incomes and visitor numbers at
museums with a similar profile as Lussonium. The data are based on the information
provided by each institution.
Museum name
Adult
Cella Septichora 1.200 -
1.600 Ft
Admission fees
Student/Child Reduced
Guided
tours
600 Ft 600 Ft 800 -
3.200
Ft
2.000-
Savaria
Museum 700 Ft 300 Ft 350 Ft
Százhalombatta
- Archaeological
Park 1.200 600 Ft
Historical
Museum of
Budapest –
Aquincum
Museum
520 -
1.300FT
360 - 650Ft
360 -
520Ft
6.000Ft
2.000 -
4.000
Ft
Other incomes
Rentals
36.000
Ft /
hour
Unique
events
(e.g.
wedding)
75.000 Ft
/2 hours
2000 Ft /
event
10 217
531 Ft
Visitor
number
60.000
14.000 -
15.000
5.000-
6.000
2.000 -
5.000Ft 1.0000
In the case of Lussonium, calculations were made using a 1.000 Ft admission fee for
adults, and a 600 Ft reduced ticket price. Visitor numbers are expected to be around
12.000 per year during the opening period, which would eventually rise to 15.000 by
2017. 35% of all visitors will buy an adult entrance ticket, while 65% will be entitled
to use a reduced price ticket. As a result, the following incomes are expected up to
2017:

Income
from
operating
activities
1.
Admission
fees
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
0 Ft
1.1 Adult 0 Ft
1.2.
Reduced 0 Ft
2. Other
incomes 0 Ft
2.1 Rentals 0 Ft
TOTAL
INCOME 0 Ft
4 440
000 Ft
2 100
000 Ft
2 340
000 Ft
200 000
Ft
200 000
Ft
4 640
000 Ft
8 880 9 620 000
000 Ft Ft
4 200 4 550 000
000 Ft Ft
4 680 5 070 000
000 Ft Ft
300 000 400 000
Ft Ft
300 000 400 000
Ft Ft
9 180 10 020
000 Ft 000 Ft
10 360
000 Ft
4 900 000
Ft
5 460 000
Ft
500 000
Ft
500 000
Ft
10 860
000 Ft
10 360
000 Ft
4 900 000
Ft
5 460 000
Ft
500 000
Ft
500 000
Ft
10 860
000 Ft
11 100
000 Ft
5 250 000
Ft
5 850 000
Ft
500 000
Ft
500 000
Ft
11 600
000 Ft
Summarizing future costs and incomes, the following exploitation plan is presented:
1.
Financial
investmen
t cost
2.
Financial
operation
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
0 Ft
255 000
000 Ft
5 335 415
Ft
60 000
000 Ft 0 Ft 0 Ft 0 Ft 0 Ft
9 956 216
Ft
10 042
456 Ft
10 129
558 Ft
10 217
531 Ft
10 306
384 Ft
cost 0 Ft
3. Credit
payment 0 Ft 0 Ft 0 Ft 0 Ft 0 Ft 0 Ft 0 Ft
4.Interest
payment 0 Ft 0 Ft 0 Ft 0 Ft 0 Ft 0 Ft 0 Ft
5. Other 0 Ft 0 Ft 0 Ft 0 Ft 0 Ft 0 Ft 0 Ft
6. Cash- 0 Ft 260 335 69 956 10 042 10 129 10 217 10 306

flow of
expenses
1+2+3+4
+5
7.
Financial
income 0 Ft
8. EU
support 0 Ft
9.
National
contributi
on
(10+11) 0 Ft
415 Ft 216 Ft 456 Ft 558 Ft 531 Ft 384 Ft
4 640 000
Ft
242 250
000 Ft
13 445
415 Ft
9 180 000
Ft
10 020
000 Ft
10 860
000 Ft
10 860
000 Ft
11 600
000 Ft
57 000
000 Ft 0 Ft 0 Ft 0 Ft 0 Ft
3 776 216
Ft 0 Ft 0 Ft 0 Ft 0 Ft
10.
Federal
budget
contributi
on 0 Ft 0 Ft 0 Ft 0 Ft 0 Ft 0 Ft 0 Ft
11. Net
assets
(12+13) 0 Ft
12. Own
resources
(cash,
workforce
contributi
on)
13 445
415 Ft
13 445
415 Ft
3 776 216
Ft 0 Ft 0 Ft 0 Ft 0 Ft
3 776 216
Ft 0 Ft 0 Ft 0 Ft 0 Ft
0 Ft
13.
Foreign
liabilities
(14+15) 0 Ft 0 Ft 0 Ft 0 Ft 0 Ft 0 Ft 0 Ft
14. Debts 0 Ft 0 Ft 0 Ft 0 Ft 0 Ft 0 Ft 0 Ft
15. Other
foreign
liabilities 0 Ft 0 Ft 0 Ft 0 Ft 0 Ft 0 Ft 0 Ft
16.
Financial
residual
value 0 Ft 0 Ft 0 Ft 0 Ft 0 Ft 0 Ft 0 Ft
17.
Income
cash-flow
7+8+9+1 0 Ft
260 335
415 Ft
69 956
216 Ft
10 020
000 Ft
10 860
000 Ft
10 860
000 Ft
11 600
000 Ft

6
18. Net
total
financial
cash-flow
17-6 0 Ft 0 Ft 0 Ft
19. Net
cumulati
ve
financial
cash-flow 0 Ft 0 Ft 0 Ft
-22 456
Ft
-22 456
Ft
730 442
Ft
707 986
Ft
642 469
Ft
1 350 455
Ft
1 293 616
Ft
2 644 070
Ft
According to the previous analysis, if the investment would be realized, the
archaeological park could be operated with a relatively low loss in the first year, while
the following years would be profitable.
VI. Evaluation of executed reconstructions from various perspectives (historic
preservation, authenticity, informativeness, understandability, maintenance)
The fort of Lussonium, situated on top of the Bottyán-rampart in Paks-Dunakömlőd,
was an auxiliary fort and a part of the linear defence system of the Roman Empire in
Pannonia. The archaeological site is on an unbuilt territory, which is the property of
the Town Municipality of Paks. The site is partially excavated and under
archaeological protection. The southern part of the former castrum can be visited as a
ruin garden, while the northern walls and the gate-tower have been reconstructed. The
reconstructed fortifications indicate the defensive and border controlling function of
Lussonium.
The walls and gate-towers surrounding the castrum, along with the trenches bordering
the fortification help visitors to imagine the defensive functions of a Roman fort. The
Garden of Roman Ruins presented at the southern part of the fort, together with the
reconstructed wall-piece on the northern section illustrates the size and position of the
Roman military fort on the Bottyán-rampart, where no constructions have been made
since the Rákóczi Uprising (1703-1711).

The opportunity to provide information for visitors about the site is very important
both before and after the UNESCO – World Heritage nomination. However, this has to
be done with the consideration of heritage protection rules.
In order to become a World Heritage site, the core and puffer zones of the Lussonium
site have to be restricted. This was already accomplished in Paks, since the first zones
is the property of the Town Municipality of Paks, while the other ones are also in one
hand, which is quite rare nowadays. This way, the Town Municipality of Paks will not
have to make arrangements with other parties, should any problem occur. Thus, at the
start of the project, the main goal was to acquire at least the core zone for the town,
since it enables us to meet the requirements of heritage protection rules and World
Heritage locations. This was accomplished through the purchase of the territory
mentioned before. As for the puffer zone, there is no such pressure on the Town
Municipality. However, the town leadership is in direct connection with the owners of
the territories and discusses every case that affects these lands.
VII. Advantages and disadvantages of visitor structure (individual and group
visitors), seasonal experience (spring-summer-autumn-winter), etc.
It would be recommended to differentiate cultural/historic actions, events, according to
their theme, date and place, thus offering various programmes (military, gladiator,
transportation, Roman gastronomy, Floralia, Juvenal) bound together to make them
even more attractive and valuable. An example for this would a water programme with
several stations, including Aquincum, Százhalombatta, Dunaújváros, Paks,
Dunaszekcső, or the forming of an auxiliary group.
The site of Lussonium is a unique place, where the protection of the ruins is also
important, along with the satisfaction of technical criteria. The nature of the site also
means that weather conditions have to be taken into consideration and events should
be adapted to each season. Unique programmes can be organised, which might have
had an important role during Roman times. These should be established according a

theme, in which the beginning, development and ending sections of the event can be
differentiated. Each section should offer unique style and content, in order to make
them more attractive and memorable.
It is of high importance that local events should be integrated into the programmes of
Hungarian Limes locations, but also should have unique and distinguishing
characteristics. This way, every location would offer different services and attract
more visitors.
It is also important to define the general requirements of event organising, which
contribute to the success and organizability of each event:
- accurate theme defining
- creative scenarios
- compilation of a list of invited guests
- invitation card design
- posting of invitation cards
- assembling of a registration list
- preparation of press materials
- writing the schedules of the event
- communicational preparation of participants
- organising exclusive interviews
- acquiring the necessary technical equipment
- assigning professional staff
- providing photographer and video maker staff
- suggestions for possible gifts
- determining the manner of catering
- providing a press release for guests who could not take part in the event
Yearly programmes in the Museum:
Various cultural programmes that illustrate Roman culture and the archaeological
heritage of the fort are organised, including summer camps with a Roman theme,

temporary exhibitions and presentations. However, due to the lack of proper
infrastructure at the site, these are usually organised at the Town Museum of Paks.
Moreover, registered groups often request guided tours of the Roman fort.
Proposed programmes:
a.) Local-regional level
- After the completion of the reception building, the usual summer camps for
children will also take place in Lussonium, where participants take part in
activities in an authentic environment.
- Playhouses, which are organised during the school year at weekends, offer
pupils thematic activities and Lussonium could also be a place for such
events.
b.) National level
- The Town Municipality of Paks has won a tender in 2011 to found a Forest
School. Lussonium will be a part of the programme, serving as a stop in the
nature trail.
- With the development of a visitor friendly environment, guided tours can
also become more regular.
- The future reception building will be suitable to host informative temporary
exhibitions, presenting various themes.
- Given a unified touristic programme to represent the Ripa Pannonica,
Lussonium could be an important part of the project, with its unique
location and unbuilt site.
VIII. The meaning and significance of Roman past and heritage to the citizen of
Paks
The citizens of Paks and its vicinity regard Lussonium as a place for cultural events
and are well aware of its importance in the development of tourism. Local memory has
preserved Roman presence in Paks. The citizens of Paks are proud of the Roman past

and rich heritage of the town, but also recognize that it is not sufficient to attract
tourists. They are well aware of the need for a better infrastructure, further
reconstruction and the erection of a reception building. Furthermore, the citizens
support the efforts of the local leadership to achieve these goals, in order to improve
the touristic services of Paks.