Mycosphaerella leaf spot diseases of bananas - CBS

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Session 1 R.A. Romero Introduction The spread, detection and impact of black leaf streak disease and other Mycosphaerella species in the 1990s R. A. Romero Abstract By the end of the 1980s, black leaf streak disease caused by Mycosphaerella fijiensis was present in all continents where bananas or plantains were grown, although distribution in some regions was limited to a few countries. In this presentation, the spread of the disease during the 1990s in several countries and regions, and the important socio-economic consequences are discussed. From 1990 to 1999, new records of black leaf streak disease were reported from six countries in Africa, eight in Asia, eight in Latin America and the Caribbean, and one from Australasia/Oceania. M. fijiensis has also spread within countries to ecological niches that were previously occupied by M. musicola, the causal agent of Sigatoka disease, thus threatening the survival of this pathogen. This presentation also discusses the methods, developed in the last decade, to identify the species of Mycosphaerella that cause leaf spot diseases in banana.The methods were used to confirm the synonymy of M. fijiensis var. difformis and M. fijiensis, and have provided the opportunity to study the genetic diversity of pathogen populations among isolates from different geographical regions. Resumen - Propagación, detección e impacto de la Sigatoka negra y otras enfermedades foliares causadas por Mycosphaerella de bananos en la década de los 90 Al finales de la década de los 80, la Sigatoka negra, causada por Mycosphaerella fijiensis, ya se encontraba presente en todos los continentes donde se cultivan bananos y plátanos, pero su distribución en algunas regiones estaba limitada a unos pocos países. En esta presentación, se discutirá brevemente la propagación de la enfermedad durante los 90 abarcando varios países y regiones, y su impacto socioeconómico. De 1990 a 1999, se reportaron nuevos registros de la enfermedad desde seis países en Africa, ocho en Asia, ocho en América Latina y el Caribe, y solo un informe de un país en Australasia/Oceania. M. fijiensis también ha estado progresando en los países para llegar a los nichos ecológicos que anteriormente estaban ocupados solo por Chiquita Brands, San José, Costa Rica 21
Mycosphaerella leaf spot diseases of bananas: present status and outlook M. musicola, agente causal de la Sigatoka amarilla, amenazando la supervivencia de este patógeno. La presentación también discutirá el desarrollo de los métodos más precisos para identificar las diferentes especies de Mycosphaerella que causan las enfermedades de las manchas foliares en banano en la última década, que han mejorado nuestra habilidad de detectar el patógeno. Los mismos métodos permitieron confirmar la sinonimia entre M. fijiensis var. difformis y M. fijiensis, así como el estudio de la diversidad genética de las poblaciones del patógeno entre los aislados de diferentes regiones geográficas. Résumé - La propagation, la détection et l’impact de la maladie des raies noires et d’autres espèces de Mycosphaerella dans les années 1990 A la fin des années 1980, la maladie des raies noires, causée par Mycosphaerella fijiensis, était présente sur tous les continents où les bananes et les plantains étaient cultivés, bien que dans certaines régions sa distribution était limitée à quelques pays seulement. Dans cet exposé, nous présenterons la propagation de la maladie dans plusieurs pays et régions dans les années 1990 ainsi que les prinicipales répercutions socio-économiques. Entre 1990 et 1999, de nouveaux cas de maladie des raies noires ont été enregistrés dans six pays d’Afrique, huit d’Asie, huit d’Amérique latine et des Caraïbes et un d’Australasie/Océanie. Dans certains pays, M. fijiensis, s’est également répandu dans les niches écologiques occupées au préalable par M. musicola,l’agent provoquant la maladie de Sigatoka, mettant ainsi en danger la survie de ce pathogène. Nous présenterons également les méthodes développées dans la dernière décennie qui permettent d’identifier les espèces responsables des maladies foliaires causées par les Mycosphaerella chez la banane. Ces méthodes ont été utilisées afin de confirmer la synonymie entre M. fijiensis var. difformis et M. fijiensis, et ont permis l’étude de la diversité génétique des populations de pathogènes parmi des isolats de différentes régions géographiques. Introduction This paper describes the most important events that have characterized the situation of Mycosphaerella leaf spot diseases in the decade 1990-2000. Emphasis is given to black leaf streak disease because of its greater importance in comparison with other Mycosphaerella leaf spot diseases. Black leaf streak disease continued to spread to new areas and remains a threat to other countries and regions. From the end of the 1980s to 1999, black leaf streak disease was newly reported in six countries in Africa, eight in Asia, eight in Latin America and in one location in Australasia/Oceania. In America, the French West Indies and the Windward Islands, two regions that produce bananas for export are threatened by black leaf streak disease. In the near future, it is possible that black leaf streak disease may attain a distribution similar to that of Sigatoka disease caused by M. musicola. Details of the spread and the distribution of Mycosphaerella leaf spot diseases are described by Pasberg-Gauhl et al. (2000) and as updated by D. Jones elsewhere in this volume. The continued spread of black leaf streak disease poses two questions 1) are there preventative measures that could delay or prevent further spread of the disease? and 2) are those countries that are threatened by the disease taking measures to prevent the entry of the pathogen? During the last decade there have been considerable advances in the development of precise techniques to detect Mycosphaerella spp. pathogens (Carlier et al., 1994; Johanson and Jeger, 1993a, 1993b). However, there are few examples where these 22
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