Mycosphaerella leaf spot diseases of bananas - CBS

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Session 1 D.R. Jones (Carlier et al., 2000a). However, this turned out not to be the case (Carlier et al., 2000b). The new fungus was named M. eumusae (Carlier et al., 2000b). Because of the similarity of symptoms with those of Sigatoka disease (Carlier et al., 2000a), it is likely that the leaf spot caused by M. eumusae was seen by the author in Malaysia and Thailand in 1988. Evidence suggested that it might have been the common leaf spot of banana in the South Asia and parts of Southeast Asia. If so, M. eumusae competed effectively with M. fijiensis and prevented it from becoming dominant. A specimen of a leaf spot collected in the Mekong Delta in Vietnam by Ivan Buddenhagen in 1995 was later identified as M. eumusae at CIRAD, as were specimens from Mauritius in 1997 (Carlier et al., 2000b) and Réunion in 2000 (X. Mourichon, France, personal communication). Re-examination of specimens collected at Onne, Nigeria in 1989 and 1990, when M. fijiensis was presumed to be present, also revealed the presence of M. eumusae (Carlier et al., 2000b). Details of findings of M. eumusae that are documented by CIRAD are summarised in Table 3. Table 3. Countries where Mycosphaerella eumusae, the causal agent of eumusae leaf spot disease, has been detected in chronological order of records (modified from Table 1 of Carlier et al., 2000b with additional information supplied by X. Mourichon). All identifications made by J. Carlier and M.F. Zapater, CIRAD. Country Banana host Year specimen was collected and collector Nigeria (Onne) AAB clone, most likely in plantain subgroup 1989 (IITA) Nigeria (Onne) AAB clone, most likely in plantain subgroup 1990 (IITA) India (Bangalore) ‘Grande naine’ (AAA, Cavendish subgroup) 1992 (D.R. Jones, INIBAP) Malaysia (Johor State) ‘Pisang kapas’ (AA or AAB) 1993 (D.R. Jones, INIBAP) Thailand (Sukothai) ‘Grande naine’ (AAA, Cavendish subgroup) 1994 (D.R. Jones, INIBAP) Thailand (Surat Thani) ‘Williams’ (AAA, Cavendish subgroup) 1994 (D.R. Jones, INIBAP) Thailand (Tha Yang) ‘Kluai hom thong’ (AAA) 1994 (D.R. Jones, INIBAP) India (Kannara) ‘Grande naine’ (AAA, Cavendish subgroup) 1995 (D.R. Jones, INIBAP) Sri Lanka (Gannoruwa) AAA clone in Cavendish subgroup 1995 (D.R. Jones, INIBAP) Sri Lanka (Nugahena) ‘Anamala’ (AAA, syn. ‘Gros Michel’) 1995 (D.R. Jones, INIBAP) Vietnam (Mekong Delta) ‘Sucrier’ (AA) 1995 (I. Buddenhagen) Mauritius ‘Grande naine’ (AAA, Cavendish subgroup) 1997 (S.P. Beni Madhu, AREU) Réunion ‘Grande naine’ (AAA, Cavendish subgroup) 2000 (C. Lavigne, CIRAD) Recently, a re-examination of M. eumusae specimens and cultures has revealed that the imperfect stage of the fungus is likely to be Pseudocercospora and not Septoria as originally thought. However, the fungus can be distinguished from M. musicola and M. fijiensis on morphological grounds (Crous and Mourichon, 2002) and by ITS sequence analysis (Carlier et al., 2000b). A change in the common name of the disease from Septoria leaf spot disease to eumusae leaf spot disease has been proposed (Crous and Mourichon, 2002). Impact The economic impact of M. eumusae as a leaf pathogen of banana has still to be evaluated. However, it is known to seriously affect cultivars in the important AAA Cavendish and AAB plantain subgroups in southern India. It has also been observed 37
Mycosphaerella leaf spot diseases of bananas: present status and outlook causing large areas of necrosis on leaves of ‘Anamala’ (AAA, syn. ‘Gros Michel’) in Sri Lanka. Other cultivars/clones seen with symptoms are ‘Kluai lep mu nang’ (AA), ‘Pisang mas’ (AA), ‘Pisang kapas’ (AA) and ‘Mysore’ (AAB) (Carlier et al., 2000a). More research needs to be undertaken on the effect of M. eumusae on important clones. Summary and discussion The three Mycosphaerella species causing leaf spot diseases of banana reported above are serious pathogens. M. musicola and M. fijiensis were well documented in the scientific literature because of their steady global or near global spread and impact on banana cultivation. However, M. fijiensis, the more recent has had a far greater impact. It is more difficult to control on plantations of dessert bananas for export and local consumption, and also affects the production of cooking bananas grown by resource-poor farmers. The arrival of M. fijiensis in West Africa and the perceived threat that it posed to the livelihood of the peoples there led to the formation of INIBAP and the plantain breeding programmes of the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) and the Centre africain de recherches sur bananiers et plantains (CARBAP). The third Mycosphaerella leaf spot pathogen is not so well known because it has been overlooked until fairly recently. Evidence on distribution suggests that it arose, like the others, in the Southeast Asian/Australasian region. It is not known how long M. eumusae has affected banana in South and Southeast Asia, nor the extent of its distribution. Extensive surveys of leaf spots in the region would help clarify the situation. An estimate of the severity of the disease and the name of the clone affected would help determine host reactions. Basic information on the biology and epidemiology of the pathogen is also needed. M. eumusae has been present in Onne, Nigeria for at least 13 years but was not found in a recent thorough survey of leaf spot organisms in neighbouring Cameroon (C. Abadie, France, personal communication). Therefore, in West Africa, the pathogen may still be confined to southeast Nigeria. If so, one must speculate on how it got here in the first place. Was M. eumusae introduced with planting material from Asia? M. eumusae seems to be an important pathogen and may be able to compete with M. fijiensis. The apparent dominance of M. eumusae in parts of Asia suggests that it was established before the introduction of M. fijiensis and thus perhaps able to resist intrusion by the latter. The situation at Onne, Nigeria, may be different with M. eumusae because arrival was after M. fijiensis became dominant over M. musicola and subsequent competitive interactions favoured the established pathogen. Work is needed to determine if this speculation has any basis in fact. The identification of the leaf spot pathogens found on plantain at Onne may help determine relative competitiveness on the main susceptible host in the area. The identification of leaf spot pathogens on cultivars in the IITA germplasm collection may help to determine the nature of leaf spot interactions on other clones. When M. fijiensis first appeared, some believed that it might have arisen in Fiji by mutation from M. musicola. Stover (1969) initially considered M. fijiensis 38
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Page 5 and 6: Contents Foreword . . . . . . . . .
Page 7 and 8: Foreword The rapid expansion in the
Page 9 and 10: Introduction to workshop Overview o
Page 11 and 12: Introduction to workshop X. Mourich
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List of participants Catherine Abad
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List of participants Friedhelm Gauh
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List of participants Xavier Mourich
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List of participants Moises Soto Ba
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Mycosphaerella leaf spot diseases of bananas - CBS

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