Mycosphaerella leaf spot diseases of bananas - CBS

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Session 1 L. Pérez Vicente et al. Economic impact and management of black leaf streak disease in Cuba L. Pérez Vicente,J.M. Alvarez and M. Pérez Abstract Black leaf streak disease (caused by Mycosphaerella fijiensis) is the most damaging disease found in Musa plantations in Cuba. Four years after the appearance of the disease in 1990, it had replaced Sigatoka disease (caused by M. musicola) in all areas of the country. During 1991 and 1992, plantations of ‘Cavendish’ bananas received 23 fungicide applications per year, which accounted for 15% of total production costs. A system of integrated control based on cultural practices, a bioclimatic warning system for timing fungicide application and the use of systemic fungicides and mineral oil, reduced the number of applications to 13-15 per year and the cost of control to less than 40%. Black leaf streak disease has seriously affected the production of susceptible varieties. In 1989, more than 40 000 ha of plantain (Musa cv. AAB) and 14 000 ha of ‘Cavendish’ (Musa cv. AAA) were treated with fungicide. However, by the end of 1995 the areas had decreased by 69% and 51% respectively. Since 1994, ‘FHIA-18’, ‘FHIA-03’, ‘FHIA-01-1’, ‘FHIA-02’ and ‘FHIA-21’ with partial resistance to black leaf streak disease were introduced into Cuba. Currently, there are 10 000 ha planted with these clones resulting in an 80% reduction in the use of fungicide. The severity of black leaf streak disease on ‘FHIA-18’ has been inversely correlated with the availability of total K and with the ratio K/(K+Ca+Mg) in soil and foliage. Variability in the pathogenicity of M. fijiensis populations has been studied in order to identify possible changes that result from large scale cultivation of FHIA hybrids with partial resistance. Resumen - Impacto económico y manejo de la enfermedad de la raya negra en Cuba La enfermedad de la raya negra o Sigatoka negra, causada por Mycosphaerella fijiensis, es la enfermedad más nociva presente en las plantaciones de musáceas en Cuba. Cuatro años después de su aparición en 1990, reemplazó a la Sigatoka amarilla (M. musicola) en todas las áreas del país. Durante 1991 y 1992 se realizaron hasta 23 aplicaciones de fungicida por año en plantaciones de banano ‘Cavendish’ con un costo de protección alcanzando el 15% del costo total de la producción. Un sistema de manejo integrado basado en prácticas culturales y pronóstico bioclimático de los momentos de tratamiento permitió reducir a 13-15 los tratamientos con funguicidas sistémicos y aceite mineral al año en las principales plantaciones de producción con un costo menor de un 40%. La Sigatoka negra ha tenido un serio impacto en la producción de plátanos susceptibles. En 1989, existían más de 40 000 ha de plátanos INISAV, Cuba 71
Mycosphaerella leaf spot diseases of bananas: present status and outlook (Musa cv. AAB) y 14 000 ha de banana ‘Cavendish’ (Musa cv. AAA) bajo protección fúngica. A finales de 1995 se habían reducido en un 69 y 51% respectivamente. A partir de 1994, se introdujeron los clones ‘FHIA-18’,‘FHIA-03’,‘FHIA-01-1’,‘FHIA-02’ y ‘FHIA-21’ con resistencia parcial a Sigatoka negra. En la actualidad existen 10 000 ha plantadas de estos clones y se ha reducido el consumo de fungicidas en un 80%. Se ha observado una correlación inversa entre la severidad de los ataques de Sigatoka negra en el clon FHIA-18 y la disponibilidad total de K y con la relación K/(K+Ca+Mg) en suelo y hojas. Se desarrollan estudios de la variabilidad genética de las poblaciones de M. fijiensis con el objetivo de determinar cambios de patogenicidad a causa del cultivo a gran escala de clones con resistencia parcial. Résumé - Impact économique et gestion de la maladie des raies noires à Cuba La maladie des raies noires, causée par Mycosphaerella fijiensis, est la maladie la plus destructrice des plantations de bananes à Cuba. Quatre années après l’apparition de la maladie en 1990, elle avait remplacé dans tout le pays la maladie de Sigatoka, causée par M. musicola.Pendant les années 1991 et 1992, les plantations de bananes ‘Cavendish’ ont reçu 23 traitements de fongicides par an , représentant 15% des coûts totaux de production. Un système de lutte intégrée basé sur les pratiques culturales, un système de prévision bioclimatique pour déterminer le moment d’application des fongicides et l’utilisation de fongicides systémiques et d’huile minérale, ont permis de réduire le nombre de traitements à 13-15 par an et les coûts de plus de 60%. La maladie des raies noires a sérieusement affecté la production de variétés sensibles. En 1989, plus de 40 000 ha de plantain (Musa cv. AAB) et 14 000 ha de bananes ‘Cavendish’ (Musa cv. AAA) ont été traités avec des fongicides. Toutefois, fin 1995, les surfaces traitées ont été réduites respectivement de 69% et 51%. Depuis 1994,‘FHIA- 18’,‘FHIA-03’,‘FHIA-01-1’,‘FHIA-02’ et ‘FHIA-21’, des hybrides possédant une résistance partielle à la maladie des raies noires, ont été introduits à Cuba. Actuellement, 10 000 ha sont plantés avec ces clones ce qui entraîné une baisse de 80% de l’utilisation de fongicides. La gravité de la maladie des raies noires sur ‘FHIA-18’ a été inversement corrélée avec la disponibilité du K total et avec le rapport K/(K+Ca+Mg) dans le sol et le feuillage. La variabilité du pouvoir pathogène des populations de M. fijiensis a été étudiée afin d’identifier des modifications potentielles qui pourraient découler de la culture à grande échelle d’hybrides FHIA partiellement résistants. Introduction Many fungal, bacterial and viral diseases affect Musa but undoubtedly the one that has had the most socio-economic impact at a world level has been black leaf streak disease caused by the fungus Mycosphaerella fijiensis Morelet. Black leaf streak disease was first reported in Cuba in 1991 (Vidal, 1992). Previously, the main banana and plantain disease in Cuba was Sigatoka disease caused by M. musicola Leach ex Mulder, for which a warning system (Ganry and Meyer, 1972b) for timing the application of fungicides in oil emulsions had been established (Perez, 1983, 1989). Mycosphaerella musicola causes considerable economic losses in ‘Cavendish’ cultivars (AAA) and occasionally in plantains (AAB), which generally show an acceptable level of resistance to the pathogen (Vakili, 1968; Perez et al., 1981). This article reviews the economic impact of black leaf streak disease on banana and plantain production in Cuba, and summarises studies on the epidemiology, disease management and resistance of cultivars carried out over several years in Cuba. 72
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Contents Foreword . . . . . . . . .
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Foreword The rapid expansion in the
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Introduction to workshop Overview o
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Introduction to workshop X. Mourich
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Session 4 K. Craenen and R. Ortiz I
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List of participants Catherine Abad
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List of participants Friedhelm Gauh
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List of participants Xavier Mourich
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List of participants Moises Soto Ba
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