Review. This action strives to uncover the best storiesfrom the engagement and inquiry phases, as well as determinehow best to circulate these stories throughout theorganization. It also requires some investigation of patternsand trends in how people relate to the common references,competencies, or other frameworks that extolthe organization’s best performance and values.In particular, you want to identify common phrases, similarlystated challenges, or a typical story about high-performingindividuals. Circulate common stories as broadlyas possible, either via newsletters, the intranet, or on bulletinboards in break rooms.In addition, when you spot a trend in the review phase,be sure to highlight it in the next cycle of inquiry, engagement,and review. For instance, if multiple employeesreport, “Our organization has some of the brightest mindsin the field,” your next cycle of inquiry questions couldinclude, “How does the fact that the organization hassome of the brightest minds in the field enable it to buildpartnerships?”SPOTTING THE TIPPING POINTHow do you know how many times to repeat the inquiry,engagement, and review cycle? This is difficult to determine,but you’ll likely know it when you get there. Onceyou reach that point, changing the culture will continueon its own.This organizational dynamic is difficult to track. However,if you cease the process, negative stories will quicklyoverwhelm any good you may have started. Again, it’s likemedicine. If you stop taking tablets before the prescriptionruns out, you risk having the infection return quicklyand with full force.USING YOUR SYSTEMSOnce a tipping point has occurred and you are satisfiedthat the organization is adopting a positive culture, youneed to ensure that all of your systems, such as recruitment,training, talent management, and performancemanagement, reflect and champion it. You want the new,positive stories to become so common that people can’tremember what came before.If you follow the inquiry, engagement, and review process,you will undoubtedly create culture change. More importantly,you will definitely be surprised at how effective,productive, content, and committed employees become,and how much better it is to work at your organization.ABOUT THE AUTHORDorian LaGuardia is a Europe-based consultant; dorian.laguardia@thirdreef.org.From: Dorian LaGuardia, “Organizational Culture,” T+D 62,no. 3 (March 2008): 56-61. Used wtih permission.Organizations, like all systems, experience tippingpoints—points where system inputs are sufficient enoughto cause exponential changes in a new direction. For example,physicians use this concept when prescribingmedicines. They know precisely how much medicine willbe needed to cause sufficient change to the system tocombat bacteria or germs.Unfortunately, we don’t have that level of scientific acumenin organizational dynamics. Instead, we need to relyon a keen eye and investigative talent to spot commoncultural indicators.Architects of cultural change programs must be patientand trust the process. It will be extremely difficult attimes to see any change and to listen to pessimistic storiesthat disrupt work and negatively influence the organization’sculture. In fact, negative stories are sometimes toldmore often during the process, only to go silent after ashort while.116
15.2 Manage Change –Not the Chaos Caused by ChangeBy Beverly GoldbergOBJECTIVES:4. Define the three stages of the change communication framework.5. Identify the major roadblock to managing change successfully.6. List necessary steps for successfully managing change in an organization.In the 1400s, in the city of Mainz, Germany, JohannesGutenberg invented movable type and revolutionized theworld. Typesetting, letter by letter, was done by handfrom then until the 1880s, when mechanized typesetting– linotype – made it possible to se whole lines of type in asingle operation. In the 1950s, cold type became commonplace,allowing for even faster typesetting; then, inthe mid-to-late ‘80s, the development of affordable computersthat enabled almost instantaneous typesettingbegan a new publishing revolution that has not ended.Today, desktop publishing means quick, easy and lesscostly delivery of an incredible variety of publications.The times between these changes – 480 years, 70years and 20 years – are a good indicator of the increasedspeed with which change is taking place. As a result,change must be managed differently: The classic changemanagement techniques that helped organization institutionalizechange are no longer adequate to meet today’sneeds.According to classic theory, change management requiredseveral steps: unfreezing the organization’s existingculture so that a change could be brought in, creatingcognitive recognition to open the workforce to what wasnew, and then refreezing the culture once the change wasaccepted. The idea was that the culture would then remainconstant until the next change came along. Thatmay have worked when change came about only every 20years or so. In a world in which change seems to occurevery 20 minutes, a new framework for managing changeis necessary (see chart below).In this framework, the first or Static Stage, as in classicchange management theory, calls for unfreezing thecurrent culture by convincing employees that the organizationis changing and the changes have the strong supportof senior management. The second or Fluid Stagebegins when employees start to understand that thechanges will benefit them as well as the organization.They recognize the whys and wherefores of what is newand they accept it. Then, breaking with the classic idea ofrefreezing the culture as a final stage, the culture ismoved to a Dynamic Stage, where people work with thenew machines or processes and act in the new manner,but await – and even anticipate – the next changes thatwill be made. In other words, openness to change and anticipatingchange become the mind-set of the organization.A LABORIOUS TASKHelping employees through change is not an easytask. It requires formal programs that must be introducedgradually and managed with care and thought. They mustbe planned for with the same care as the new strategy ortechnology that is making change necessary. Each part ofa change program must be constructed so that the need tobe prepared for constant change reaches – and is understoodby – employees at all levels. But this is far easiersaid than done.The major roadblock to managing change successfullyis the fact that change does not happen in isolation. Takethe case of a major East Coast insurance firm that encounteredmore than a few pitfalls when it attempted tobring about change.The technology services group was trying to achievethe goal of employee acceptance of computer-aided softwareengineering (CASE), a leading-edge technology fordeveloping computer programs that requires a number ofchanges in the way people work and the way they thinkabout their work. CASE shifts the emphasis in developingprograms from writing the programs, which is the job ofprogrammers, to analyzing the business function the proStatic Fluid DynamicThe mind-set of theorganization isfrozen and needs:Senior-level determinationto takea new roadEmployee awarenessthat survivalmeans changeAs the mind-setopens, build recognition,understanding,and knowledgeby:DemonstrationsOpportunities forlearningTrainingThe mind-set isopen to what is newand other projects:AnticipatorycapabilitiesFlexibilityAcceptance ofcontinuous changeand learning117
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and tested more than six decades af
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specific interests of the donors, v
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Smucker, 1999).The Internal Revenue
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culture is necessary to ensure the
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