Guidelines on the Management of Stable Angina Pectoris ... - Cardio

More documents

Recommendations

Info

12 ESC <strong>Guidelines</strong>images of regional tracer uptake that reflect relativeregional myocardial blood flow. With this technique, myocardialhypoperfusion is characterized by reduced traceruptake during stress in comparison with the uptake atrest. Increased uptake of myocardial perfusion agent inthe lung field identifies patients with severe and extensivecoronary artery disease (CAD) 169–172 and stress-induced ventriculardysfunction. 173 SPECT perfusion provides a moresensitive and specific prediction of the presence of CADthan exercise ECG. Without correction for referral bias,the reported sensitivity of exercise scintigraphy has generallyranged from 70–98%, and specificity from 40–90%,with mean values in the range of 85–90% and 70–75%depending on the meta-analysis. 157,158,171,174Pharmacological stress testing with imaging techniques.Although the use of exercise imaging is preferable wherepossible, as it allows for more physiological reproduction ofischaemia and assessment of symptoms, pharmacologicalstress may also be employed. Pharmacological stress testingwith either perfusion scintigraphy or echocardiography isindicated in patients who are unable to exercise adequatelyor may be used as an alternative to exercise stress. Twoapproaches may be used to achieve this: Either (i) infusionof short-acting sympatho-mimetic drugs such as dobutamine,in an incremental dose protocol which increases myocardialoxygen consumption and mimics the effect of physical exercise;or (ii) infusion of coronary vasodilators (e.g. adenosineand dipyridamole) which provide a contrast between regionssupplied by non-diseased coronary arteries where perfusionincreases, and regions supplied by haemodynamically significantstenotic coronary arteries where perfusion will increaseless or even decrease (steal phenomenon).In general, pharmacological stress is safe and well toleratedby patients, with major cardiac complications (includingsustained VT) occuring every 1500 tests with dipyridamole, orone in every 300 with dobutamine. 156,175–177 Particular caremust be taken to ensure that patients receiving vasodilators(adenosine or dipyridamole) are not already receiving dipyridamolefor antiplatelet or other purposes, and that caffeineis avoided in the 12–24 h preceding the study, as it interfereswith their metabolism. Adenosine may precipitate bronchospasmin asthmatic individuals, but in such cases dobutaminemay be used as an alternative stressor. Dobutamine does notprovoke as great an increase in coronary blood flow asvasodilator stress, which is a limitation for perfusion scintigraphy.Thus, for this technique dobutamine is mostlyreserved for patients who cannot exercise and have acontraindication to vasodilator stress. 178 The diagnosticperformance of pharmacological stress perfusion andpharmacological stress echo are also similar to that of exerciseimaging techniques. Reported sensitivity and specificityfor dobutamine stress echo range from 40–100% and62–100%, respectively, and 56–92% and 87–100% for vasodilatorstress. 156,157 Sensitivity and specificity for the detectionof coronary disease with adenosine SPECT range from83–94% and 64–90%. 157On the whole stress echo and stress perfusion scintigraphy,whether using exercise or pharmacological stress,have very similar applications. The choice as to which isemployed depends largely on local facilities and expertise.Advantages of stress echocardiography over stress perfusionscintigraphy include a higher specificity, the possibility of amore extensive evaluation of the cardiac anatomy and function,and the greater availability and lower cost, in additionto being free of radiation. However, at least 5–10% ofpatients have an inadequate echo window, and specialtraining in addition to standard echocardiographic trainingis required to correctly perform and interpret stress echocardiograms.Nuclear scintigraphy also requires specialtraining for performance and interpretation of the tests.The development of quantitative echocardiographic techniquessuch as tissue Doppler imaging is a step towardsincreasing the inter-observer agreement and reliability ofstress echo.Non-invasive diagnosis of CAD in patients with LBBB orwith permanent pacemaker in situ remains challenging forboth stress echocardiography and stress scintigraphic techniques,179,180 although stress perfusion imaging is markedlyless specific in this setting. 181–184 Very poor accuracy isreported for both stress perfusion and stress echocardiographyin patients with ventricular dysfunction associated withLBBB. 185 Stress echo has also been shown to have prognosticvalue even in the setting of LBBB. 186Although there is evidence to support superiority of stressimaging techniques over exercise ECG in terms of diagnosticperformance, the costs of using a stress imaging test as firstline investigation in all-comers are considerable. These arenot limited to the immediate financial costs of the individualtest, where some of the cost effectiveness analyses havebeen favourable in certain settings. 187,188 But other factorssuch as limited availability of testing facilities and expertise,with consequently increased waiting times for testing themajority of patients attending the evaluation of anginamust also be considered. The resource redistribution andtraining implications of ensuring adequate access for allpatients are considerable, and the benefits to be obtainedby a change from exercise ECG to stress imaging in allpatients are not sufficiently great to warrant recommendationof stress imaging as a universal first line investigation.However, stress imaging has an important role to play inevaluating patients with a low pre-test probability ofdisease, particularly women, 189–192 when exercise testingis inconclusive, in selecting lesions for revascularization,and in assessing ischaemia after revascularization. 193–196Pharmacologic stress imaging may also be used in the identificationof viable myocardium in selected patients with coronarydisease and ventricular dysfunction in whom a decisionfor revascularization will be based on the presence of viablemyocardium. 197,198 A full description of the methods ofdetection of viability is beyond the scope of these guidelinesbut a report on the imaging techniques for the detection ofhibernating myocardium has been previously published byan ESC working group. 199 Finally, although stress imagingtechniques may allow for accurate evaluation of changes inthe localization and extent of ischaemia over time and inresponse to treatment, periodic stress imaging in theabsence of any change in clinical status is not recommendedas routine.Recommendations for the use of exercise stress withimaging techniques (either echocardiography or perfusion)in the initial diagnostic assessment of anginaClass I(1) Patients with resting ECG abnormalities, LBBB, .1 mmST-depression, paced rhythm, or WPW which prevent
ESC <strong>Guidelines</strong> 13accurate interpretation of ECG changes during stress(level of evidence B)(2) Patients with a non-conclusive exercise ECG butreasonable exercise tolerance, who do not have ahigh probability of significant coronary disease andin whom the diagnosis is still in doubt (level ofevidence B)Class IIa(1) Patients with prior revascularization (PCI or CABG) inwhom localization of ischaemia is important (level ofevidence B)(2) As an alternative to exercise ECG in patients wherefacilities, cost, and personnel resources allow (levelof evidence B)(3) As an alternative to exercise ECG in patients with a lowpre-test probability of disease such as women withatypical chest pain (level of evidence B)(4) To assess functional severity of intermediate lesions oncoronary arteriography (level of evidence C)(5) To localize ischaemia when planning revascularizationoptions in patients who have already had arteriography(level of evidence B)Recommendations for the use of pharmacological stresswith imaging techniques (either echocardiography orperfusion) in the initial diagnostic assessment of anginaClass I, IIa, and IIb indications as above if the patient isunable to exercise adequately.Stress cardiac magnetic resonance. CMR stress testing inconjunction with a dobutamine infusion can be used todetect wall motion abnormalities induced by ischaemia.The technique has been shown to compare favourably todobutamine stress echocardiography (DSE) because ofhigher quality imaging. 200 Thus, dobutamine stress CMRhas been shown to be very effective in the diagnosis ofCAD in patients who are unsuitable for dobutamine echocardiography.201 Studies of outcome following dobutamine CMRshow a low event rate when dobutamine CMR is normal. 202Myocardial perfusion CMR now achieves comprehensiveventricular coverage using multislice imaging. Analysis iseither visual to identify low signal areas of reduced perfusion,or with computer assistance with quantification ofthe upslope of myocardial signal increase during the firstpass. Although CMR perfusion is still in development forclinical application, the results are already very good incomparison with X-ray coronary angiography, PET, andSPECT. 203,204A recent consensus panel reviewing the currentindications for CMR thus gave class II recommendations forCMR wall motion and CMR perfusion imaging (Class IIprovides clinically relevant information and is frequentlyuseful; other techniques may provide similar information;supported by limited literature). 205Echocardiography at restResting two-dimensional and doppler echocardiography isuseful to detect or rule out the possibility of other disorderssuch as valvular heart disease 206 or hypertrophic cardiomyopathy207 as a cause of symptoms, and to evaluate ventricularfunction. 155 For purely diagnostic purposes, echo isuseful in patients with clinically detected murmurs, 208–211history and ECG changes compatible with hypertrophiccardiomyopathy 207,212 or previous MI, 213,214 and symptomsor signs of heart failure. 215–219 Cardiac magnetic resonancemay be also be used to define structural cardiac abnormalitiesand evaluate ventricular function, but routine use forsuch purposes is limited by availability.The true prevalence of isolated diastolic heart failure isdifficult to quantify because of heterogeneity in definitionsand variability in populations studied. 220 Community-basedstudies have an independent association between diastolicheart failure and a history of ischaemic heart disease,including angina, 221 strengthening the case for echocardiographyin all patients with angina, and signs or symptomsof heart failure. Universal resting echocardiography in astable angina population without heart failure may alsoidentify previously undetected diastolic dysfunction.Recent developments in tissue Doppler imaging and strainrate measurement have greatly improved the ability tostudy diastolic function 165,222 but the clinical implicationsof isolated diastolic dysfunction in terms of treatment orprognosis are less well defined. Diastolic function mayimprove with anti-ischaemic therapy. 223 However, treatmentof diastolic dysfunction as a primary aim of therapyin stable angina is not yet warranted. There is no indicationfor repeated use of resting echocardiography on a regularbasis in patients with uncomplicated stable angina in theabsence of a change in clinical condition.Although the diagnostic yield of evaluation of cardiacstructure and function in patients with angina is mostlyconcentrated in specific subgroups, estimation of ventricularfunction is extremely important in risk stratification,where echocardiography (or alternative methods ofassessment of ventricular function) has much widerindications.Recommendations for echocardiography for initialdiagnostic assessment of anginaClass I(1) Patients with abnormal auscultation suggesting valvularheart disease or hypertrophic cardiomyopathy(level of evidence B)(2) Patients with suspected heart failure (level ofevidence B)(3) Patients with prior MI (level of evidence B)(4) Patients with LBBB, Q-waves, or other significantpathological changes on ECG, including ECG LVH(level of evidence C)Ambulatory ECG monitoringAmbulatory ECG (Holter) monitoring may reveal evidence ofmyocardial ischaemia during normal ‘daily’ activities, 224 butrarely adds important diagnostic information in chronicstable angina pectoris over and above that provided by anexercise test. 6 Ambulatory silent ischaemia 6 has beenreported to predict adverse coronary events and there isconflicting evidence that the suppression of silent ischaemiain stable angina improves cardiac outcome. The significanceof silent ischaemia in this context is different from that inunstable angina where it has been shown that recurrentsilent ischaemia predicts an adverse outcome. Prognosticstudies in stable angina seem to identify silent ischaemiaon ambulatory monitoring as a harbinger of hard clinicalevents (fatal and non-fatal MI) only in highly selectedpatients with ischaemia detectible on exercise testing,
Page 3: ESC Guidelines 3so
Page 6 and 7: 6 ESC Guidelinesim
Page 8 and 9: 8 ESC Guidelinesfr
Page 10 and 11: 10 ESC GuidelinesT
Page 14 and 15: 14 ESC Guidelinesa
Page 16 and 17: 16 ESC Guidelinesa
Page 18 and 19: 18 ESC GuidelinesF
Page 20 and 21: 20 ESC Guidelinesm
Page 22 and 23: 22 ESC GuidelinesR
Page 24 and 25: 24 ESC Guidelinese
Page 26 and 27: 26 ESC Guidelinesw
Page 28 and 29: Figure 7 Algorithm for medical mana
Page 32 and 33: 32 ESC Guidelines2
Page 34 and 35: 34 ESC GuidelinesH
Page 36 and 37: 36 ESC Guidelinesf
Page 38 and 39: 38 ESC Guidelines(
Page 40 and 41: 40 ESC Guidelinest
Page 42 and 43: 42 ESC GuidelinesT
Page 44 and 45: 44 ESC GuidelinesC
Page 54 and 55: 54 ESC Guidelinesm
Page 56 and 57: 56 ESC GuidelinesO
Page 62 and 63:
62 ESC Guidelines6
show all

Guidelines on the Management of Stable Angina Pectoris ... - Cardio

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?