Ne o t r o p i c a l Hy p o c r e l l a, Mo e l l e r i e l l a, a n d Sa m u e l s i aHYPOCRELLA Sacc., Michelia 1: 322. 1878.Anamorph: Aschersonia Mont. (type Aschersonia tahitensis Mont.)Type species: Hypocrella discoidea (Berk. & Broome) Sacc.(basionym Hypocrea discoidea Bark. & Broome, J. Linn. Soc. 14:113. 1873.Stromata generally pulvinate, with or without hypothallus, (0.5–)1–2(–3) mm diam; in various shades of whitish, yellow, orange,<strong>and</strong> green; stroma surface generally minutely pulverulent orpruinose; stromatic tissue generally changing colour in 3 % KOH,to reddish or brown; perithecia generally embedded in stroma orhalf-embedded; stroma outer tissue of textura epidermoidea, cellwalls ca. (0.5–)1–2.5(–3) µm thick; stroma internal tissue generallyof textura intricata, cell walls generally thin, (0.5–)1–2(–3.5) µm.Perithecia, obpyriform to subglobose, 250–350 × 110–200 µm.Asci mostly cylindrical or clavate, 110–180(–250) × 8–12(–20)µm, generally capitate. Ascospores hyaline, multiseptate, smooth,filiform to long fusiform, non-disarticulating, (50–)75–120(–170) ×(1–)2–5(–7) µm.Conidiomata from original substrata pycnidial generally flaskshaped;phialides formed in a thick compact palisade, in shortconidiophores sometimes indistinct, branching once monochasial,twice monochasial, monoverticillate, or two level monochasial;phialides cylindrical, slightly tapering towards tip, (9–)12–20(–23) ×2–2.5 µm; conidial masses mucilaginous; conidia hyaline, smooth,unicellular, fusoid, generally with acute ends, (10–)12–25(–30)× (1.5–)2–5(–6) µm, l/w ratio 5–6(–7). Paraphyses generallypresent.Habitat: Parasitic on scale insects (Lecaniidae <strong>and</strong> Coccidae,Homoptera) <strong>and</strong> whiteflies (Aleyrodidae, Homoptera).Known distribution: Pantropical.Notes: Hypocrella can be distinguished from <strong>Moelleriella</strong> by thenon-disarticulating ascospores in Hypocrella. Hypocrella can bedistinguished from <strong>Samuelsia</strong> by the smaller <strong>and</strong> allantoid conidiain <strong>Samuelsia</strong>; Hypocrella has fusiform conidia with acute ends. Thegenus Stereocrea Syd. & P. Syd. resembles Hypocrella. Illustrations<strong>and</strong> descriptions of the type species, S. schizostachyi, in Rossmanet al. (1999) reveal that the ascospores of Stereocrea s. str. areclavate, yellowish green, multiseptate, <strong>and</strong> slightly constricted ateach septum.Aschersonia tahitensis Mont. is the type of Aschersonia.Although we did not examine the type specimen, observationsmade by Petch (1921) suggest that A. tahitensis is close to H.discoidea. In addition, Petch states that A. tahitensis becomesreddish in “potash”; a characteristic that is only present in Hypocrella<strong>and</strong> <strong>Samuelsia</strong>. Therefore, we conclude that Aschersonia is theanamorph of Hypocrella s. str.1. Hypocrella aurantiaca (Petch) Mains, Mycopathol. &Mycol. Appl. 11: 318. 1959. Fig. 16A–F.≡ Stereocrea aurantiaca Petch, Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 23: 135. 1939.Anamorph: Aschersonia aurantiaca Petch, Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc.23: 135. 1939.Stromata pulvinate, slightly tuberculate, without hypothallus, 1–2mm diam; orange, scattered; stroma surface scurfy somewhatglossy; KOH+, perithecia embedded in stroma; stroma outer tissuewww.studiesinmycology.orgof textura epidermoidea; stroma internal tissue of textura intricata.Perithecia, obpyriform to subglobose, 300–350 × 160–200 µm.Asci mostly clavate, 145–180(–250) × (8–)15–20 µm, with a thickascus cap 3.5–4 µm. Ascospores hyaline, multiseptate, smooth,long fusiform, 120–180 × 4–5 µm.Teleomorph generally present with anamorph in same stroma.Conidiomata generally circularly arranged towards centre of stroma,<strong>and</strong> perithecia near periphery of tstroma. Conidiomata pycnidial,generally subglobose, ca. 410 × 400, with phialides formed in thickcompact palisade. Phialides cylindrical, slightly tapering towardstip, 11–13(–15) × 2–2.5 µm. Conidia hyaline, smooth, unicellular,fusoid, with acute ends, (23.5–)27–30(–32) × (4.5–)5.3–6(–7) µm,l/w (3.8–)4.5–5.7(–6.8). Paraphyses present.Habitat: On whiteflies on leaves of palms <strong>and</strong> Tamala.Known distribution: Mexico, U.S.A. (Florida).Specimens examined: Mexico, Veracruz, Catemaco, town of Ejido Lopez-Mateo,project “Cielo, Tierra y Selva”, trail to the mountain, elev. 200–300 m, on leaf ofpalm, 13 Dec. 2003, P. Chaverri (P.C. 435), J. Garcia-Alvarado, C. Mena-Jiles (CUP067824). U.S.A., Florida, Gainesville, Sugarfoot, on whitefly Paraleyrodes perseaeon Tamala bortonia, 7 Oct. 1936, E. West, R.K. Voorhus (no. 11876) (type K(M)120355!).Notes: Petch originally placed this species in Stereocrea for its fusoidasci <strong>and</strong> ascospores. The conidia of the anamorph are unusuallylarge (28–33 x 4–5 µm), <strong>and</strong> the anamorph <strong>and</strong> teleomorph mayoccur on the same stroma (Petch 1939).Rossman et al. (1999) provided a description of the type, <strong>and</strong>noted that the spores reported by Mains (1959) as belonging to theanamorph are in fact fusoid part spores that have not formed septa.Hywel-Jones <strong>and</strong> Evans (1993) considered this species closelyrelated to H. discoidea.Additional illustrations: Plate 54: figs d–j, in Rossman et al. (1999).2. Hypocrella citrina Speg., Bol. Acad. Nac. Cien. Córdoba11: 534. 1889. Fig 16G–P.Anamorph: Aschersonia blumenaviensis Henn., Hedwigia 41: 27.1902.= Aschersonia flavocitrina Henn., Hedwigia 41: 307. 1902.= Aschersonia abnormis Henn., Hedwigia 43: 93. 1904.Stromata strictly teleomorphic, pulvinate, yellow, pale yellow,greyish yellow, greyish orange, or yellowish white, sometimes witha hypothallus (
Ch av e r r i e t a l.Fig. 16. A–F. Hypocrella aurantiaca. A–B. Stromata containing perithecia (white arrow) <strong>and</strong> conidiomata (black arrow). C–E. Asci containing ascospores. F. Conidia. G–P.Hypocrella citrina. G–I. Stromata. G, I. Stromata containing conidiomata. H. Stroma containing perithecia (white arrow) <strong>and</strong> conidiomata (black arrow). J–K. Asci <strong>and</strong>ascospores. L. Ascospores. M. Section of stroma showing conidiomata. N–O. Phialides <strong>and</strong> paraphyses. P. Conidia. A–F: K(M)120355 (type of H. aurantiaca); G–H: LPS 904(type of H. citrina); I, N–O: CUP 067825; J–M, P: CUP 067827. Bars: A–B, J–I = 1 mm; C–F, J–P = 10 µm.54
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