Bumble Bees

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Studies on Scandinavian <strong>Bumble</strong> <strong>Bees</strong> 203pioneer contributions to the knowledge of theScandinavian bumble bee fauna are briefly summarized.The topography and climate in Scandinaviaare then shortly commented upon, followedby a simple regional division based onecological conditions and expressed by treelimits.2. The main areas investigated by me duringthe years 1939-1969 with several years of intervalsare reviewed, and the museum and privatecollections under revision are listed. About 56,7A0specimens were examined altogether.3. Procedures related to the treatment ofbibliography, taxonomy and distribution of theScandinavian species are described.4. Classification is commented upon and thestrong homogeneity in the subgenera of Bombusis in particular emphasized.5. Keys to the Scandinavian species of Bombusare given.6. The main part of this work is devoted tothe study of the Scandinavian species, arrangedby subgenera. An attempt is made to providevalid designations and synonyms with informationabout the type and the typ e area. The treatmentof each species deals with the following items(some of which are for convenience assigned tothe actual subgenus or subspecies): List of synonymsalso including bibliographic references tothe Scandinavian fauna; first record in Norwayand Sweden respectively; nomenclatural andlortaxonomical remarks, e.g. listing named infrasubspecificforms; diagnostic descriptions (morphologicalcharacters, colour pattern , variations);distribution in Norway and Sweden respectively,showed by dot maps, and detailed list of localities;distribution in Finland and general occurrencethroughout the world; biology. In severalspecies, phenotypic variations, distribution, andbiology are subject to remarks or discussion.A total of 29 species, divided into 34 subspecies,is recognized, of which 25 species (28 subspecies)occur in Norway, while all the species (33 subspecies)are recorded in Sweden.The study of the subgenus Bombus s.s. supportsspecific recognition of the critical taxonB. magnus. The male of this species is, however,not distinguished from the male B. lucorotm.The subgenus is represented by four species, viz.B. lucorum, B. magnus, B. sporadicus and B.terrestrus of which the latter is new to Norway.The subgenus Pyrobombus is represented byfive species, of which B. lapponicus is divisibleinto two subspecies, viz. B. l. lapponicus andB. l. scandinavicus. As a result of a phenotypicstudy it is stated that the distribution of thenominate subspecies extends west to northeasternmostSweden and Norway. Regarding the rapidcycle of ,8. jonellus, B. lapponicus and B. pratorumthe seasonal length is noteworthy, lasting to thebeginning or end of September. In addition tolate-emerging queens lengthening the season, itis indicated that under favourable conditions ,8.lapponicus and B. pratorum possibly producetwo generations, as recently suggested for B.jonellus.A total of four species is distinguished in thearctic subgenus Alpinobombu.s. The conspecificityof the Canadian B. q. arcticus and the ScandinavianB. a. diabolicus ( - B. alpinifurmis) isevaluated and maintained, i.e. a specific rankingof the latter is refuted. The unstable colouring,including melaniSffi, of -8. balteatus is studied.It is concluded that the gre at range of variationsare not geographically segregated except forthose related to melanism. As to the latter, thefrequency of recorded melanics, being high inmountainous Southern Norway, is markedlyreduced on going north; a tendency to melanismis in fdct not observed at all in northernmostNorway. The theory of arctic species beingadapted to solitary living is moreover disputed.A great number of collected workers, and recordsof colonies, prove that B. alpinus, B. arcticusand B. balteatus regularly produce a workercaste. Regarding B. hyperboreus, the revisionreveals no reliable records of colonies in itsentire geographical range. Although few in number,workers have, however, been observed inScandinavia and further east. Recent observationsof B. hyperboreus usurping colonies ofB. arcticus in the western hemisphere and acolony of B. jonellus in Scandinavia indicatethat this high-arctic species is a facultative inquilinerather than (even temporarily) adaptedto solitary living.The subgenus Megabombus is represented bythree species. The information acquired about
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Z k/ /4.evQ4h,"./Lt:ffNORSK ENTOMOL
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In memory ofOve Meidell (1 903- 194
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Bumble Bees

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