The ecology of Atlantic white cedar wetlands - USGS National ...

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTSMany colleagues have generously shared their knowledge and data with me. Their contributions arerecognized at pertinent points in the text as personal communications; Appendix D identifies each contributorand the primary geographic region or scientific field addressed.I also wish to thank all contributors to the data base that became the first Flora Checklist (Laderman and Ward1987), as noted in Appendix A, and the participants in the first Atlantic White Cedar Wetlands Symposium(Laderman 1987) which formed the basis for much of this profile.I am particularly grateful to the botanists who identified and checked regional species of special concern (aslisted with Table 6). and to those colleagues who critically read sections of the manuscript, offered suggestions,and generously provided additional data, including: A. Belling, V. Carter, P. Gammon, M.K. Garrett, andJ.H. Moore. Chapter 7 was co-authored by J.H. Moore, whodiligently researched much unpublished materialon Dare County cedar wetlands. D.B. Ward, co-author of the associated flora checklist (Appendix A), servedas botanical referee and advisor for this community profile.All or parts of this manuscript were reviewed by the following: J. Allen, R. Andrews, A. Carter, F.Golet, S. Leonard, S. Little, D. Lowry, and L. Stith.I am grateful for much painstaking, attentive technical assistance: T. Laderman (Quincy, MA) and R. Golder(Photolab, Marine Biological Laboratory [MBL], Woods Hole, MA) prepared original illustrations; L. Golder(Photolab, MBL, Woods Hole, MA) Scientific Photographic Services (Edgewater, NJ) provided photographicservices; J. Laderrnanand I. Laderrnan (MuScan Inc., Quincy, MA) programmed and produced the data bases;I. Laderrnan prepared tables and organized the physical text. L. Bjorklund, M. Parkin, H. Sather, and J.Shoemaker of USFWS assisted in obtaining technical materials. The manuscript was greatly improved by E.Pendleton. M. Brody, G. Farris, and B. Vairin of the National Wetlands Research Center, Slidell, LA.viii
- CHAPTER 1 -INTRODUCTION1 .I GENERAL FEATURESAtlantic white cedar (Chamaecyparis thyoides)is geographically restricted to freshwater wetlands ina narrow band along the eastern coastal UnitedStates ranging from Maine to Mississippi (Figure 1).Cedar-dominated wetlands are most commonlycalled cedar swamps or cedar bogs, with a variety ofother designations restricted to specific regions(e.g., "spungs" in the Pine Barrens [Moonsammy etal. 19871; "juniper lights" in the Great Dismal IKearney19011; "juniper bogs" throughout the south).Distinctive biotic assemblages dominatedby Atlantic white cedar grow under conditionstoo extremefor the majority of temperate-dwelling organisms.The shallow, dark, generally acid watersare low in nutrients and are buffered by complex organicacids (e.g., humates, fulvic acids). Surficialdeposits beneath cedar forests provide groundwaterstorage and discharge and recharge areas. Peatsadsorb and absorb nutrients and pollutants (Gorham1987),purifying and protecting ground and surfacewater with which they are in contact. In manyregions, cedar wetlands are refugia for species thatare rare, endangered, or threatened locally or nationally.The swamps form southern pockets for northernspecies at the geographic limits of their ranges, andsimilar northern pockets for southern species raylor191 5; New Jersey Pinelands Commission [NJPC]1980), but many locally common aquatic plants andanimals are absent from cedar swamps.GULF OF MEXICO0 I00 200KI LOMETLRMany species successful in these extremeenvironments have evolved unusual strategies forsurvival. The modest sum of research at the microscopiclevel in Atlantic white cedar wetlands revealsmany symbiotic relationships of varying degree, ex- Figure 1. Distribution of Chamaecyparis thyoides.otic pigment combinations, and a range of metabo- Records were compiled from field observations, her-Jic, morphological, and temporal adaptations barium records, published sources, and personal(Laderman 1980, 1987). However, the difficulty of communications. Counties in which Atlantic whitegaining entry into cedar swamps, their limited geo- cedar has been found are inked in black (from Ladergraphicdistribution, and a general lack of awareness man 1982).
Page 1: Biological Report 85(7.21)July 1989
Page 5 and 6: PREFACEThis monograph on the ecolog
Page 7 and 8: CONTENTSea9tl.PREFACE .............
Page 9: NumberTABLESEarliest records of Atl
Page 13 and 14: TEMPORARLYSEASONALLY1I SATURATED1Fi
Page 15 and 16: Stagnant,,- melting Icel Block d~ag
Page 17: Table I. Earliest records of Atlant
Page 20 and 21: CHAPTER 2 -REGIONAL OVERVIEW2.1 INT
Page 22 and 23: stands are scattered north and west
Page 24 and 25: state and is gathering data hithert
Page 26 and 27: corner of the state, and Uttertown
Page 28 and 29: hardwood stands, or as isolated tre
Page 30 and 31: cedar have comprised 40%-60% of the
Page 32 and 33: tablished. Drainage from 224 krn of
Page 34 and 35: perennial streams (Figure 18) and i
Page 36 and 37: - CHAPTER 3 -CHAMAECYPARIS THYOIDES
Page 38 and 39: Ms&gua As early as 1923, Akermandes
Page 40 and 41: - CHAPTER 4 -STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
Page 42 and 43: ottomland-isolatedtill & bedrockupl
Page 44 and 45: Table 5. Mean August tissue nutrien
Page 46 and 47: - CHAPTER 5 -BIOLOGICAL COMPONENTS
Page 48 and 49: Figure 24a. Companions: plants freq
Page 50 and 51: Figure 24c. Companions: Plants freq
Page 52 and 53: ?able 7. Comparison of bird species
Page 54 and 55: Meanley (1979) emphasized the impor
Page 56 and 57: - CHAPTER 6 -MANAGEMENT AND HARVEST
Page 58 and 59: FireBurnedtreesPeatGlacialrubble-Tr
Page 60 and 61:
Mixedhardwood& shrubsPeatGlacialrub
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acidity is reduced, and ammonia, ph
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and condition of the soil surface a
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sprouts and shade-tolerant shrubs g
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Figure 32. Atlantic white cedar reg
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sedhflings, conversely, canopy open
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FORESTMANAGEMENTSCHEMAT I CLEGEND-
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-.- Rsfupe BoundaryState BoundaryRo
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NATIONAL WILDLIFE RERX;EVirginia an
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Figure 38. Alligator River (North C
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Mainland Dare County is located on
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The cedar swamp forests along the A
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IPure Atlanticwhite cedar standsy-J
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Generally, the mixed swamp forest s
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species of mammals are recorded by
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Braun-Blanquet, J. [I 9321 1983. Pl
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Ferguson, R.H., and C.E. Meyer. 197
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Littte, S. 1953. Prescribed burning
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Porter, D.M. 1979. Rare and endange
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Gov. Print. Off., Washington, DC. (
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APPENDIX A. Flora Associated with C
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APPENDIX A. Flora: Trees (6ontin~ed
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APPENDIX A. Flora: Shrubs (Continue
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APPENDIX A. Fiora: Herbs (Continud)
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APPENDIX A. Flora: Herbs (Continued
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APPENDIX A. flora: Herbs (Continued
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APPENDIX B. FAUNA OF ATLANTIC WHITE
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APPENDIX C. Hydric Soilsis a soil t
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Frost, CecilFuller, ManleyFunk, Dav
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Ward, Daniel B.Whigham, DennisWidof
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