The ecology of Atlantic white cedar wetlands - USGS National ...

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CONVERSION FACTORSMetric to U.S. CustomaryMultiplymillimeters (mm)centimeters (cm)meters (m)meters (m)kilometers (km)kilometers (km)square meters (m2)square kilometers (km2)hectares (ha)liters (I)cubic meters (m3)cubic meters (m3)milligrams (mg)grams (g)kilograms (kg)metric tons (t)metric tons (t)kilocalories (kcal)Celsius degrees (OC)To Obtaininchesinchesfeetfathomsstatute milesnautical milessquare feetsquare milesacresgallonscubic feetacre-feetouncesouncespoundspoundsshort tonsBritish thermal unitsFahrenheit degreesU.S. Customary to Metricinchesinchesfeet (it)fathomsstatute miles (mi)nautical miles (nmi)square feet (ft2)square miles (mi2)acresgallons (gal)cubic feet (ft3)acre-feetounces (02)ounces (02)pounds (Ib)pounds (Ib)short tons (ton)British thermal units ptu)Fahrenheit degrees ( F)millimeterscentimetersmetersmeterskilometerskilometerssquare meterssquare kilometershectaresliterscubic meterscubic metersmilligramsgramskilogramsmetric tonsmetric tonskilocaloriesCelsius degrees
CONTENTSea9tl.PREFACE ................................................... iiiCONVERSION FACTORS ...........................................ivFIGURES ...................................................TABLES ............................................ VII V!ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...........................................CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION1.1 General Features .......................................... 11.2 Classif~cation ............................................ 21.3 Relationshi with Adjacent Habitats ................................ 21.4 Origins ancf~i~ration of Chamaecyparis fhyories Forests .................... 4CHAPTER 2 REGIONAL OVERVIEW2.1 Introduction ............................................ 102.2 Glaciated Northeast ......................................... 102.3 The North Coastal Plain ...................................... 162.4 Virginia and the Carolinas .................................... 192.5 ~uni~er swamps of the southeast ................................. 22CHAPTER 3 CHAMAECYPARIS THYOIDES: LIFE HISTORY AND ECOLOGY3.1 Morpholo y ............................................. 263.2 Silvical ~ aits ............................................ 27CHAPTER 4 STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE SUBSTRATE4.1 Hdroloy .............................................. 304.2 dter ~Remistty .......................................... 314.3 Soils ................................................. 324.4 Production and Decom osition .................................. 334.5 Soil and plant Tissue cRmis3 .................................. 334.6 Interactions; Research Need .................................. 34CHAPTER 5 BIOLOGICAL COMPONENTS OF ATLANTIC WHITE CEDAR WETLANDS5.1 Adaptations to the Wetland Environment ............................. 365.2 Flora ................................................. 365.3 Fauna .............................................. 375.4 Fiesearch ~eeds .......................................... 45CHAPTER 6 MANAGEMENT AND HARVEST6.1 Impacts of Disturbance ....................................... 466.2 Management ............................................ 526.3 Commercial Use .......................................... 546.4 Management Guidelines ...................................... 576.5 The Federal Role .......................................... 616.6 Research Requirements ...................................... 61CHAPTER 7 A CASE STUDY: ATLANTIC WHITE CEDAR WETLANDS IN DARE COUNTY,NORTH CAROLINA by J.H. Moore and A.D. Laderman7.1 Overview .............................................. 677.2 Physical Characteristics 70......................................7.3 Vegetation .............................................. 727.4 Fauna ................................................ 767.5 Management Problems and Options ................................ 78REFERENCES .................APPENDIXES:A ~ssociated Flora: A Distribution Checklist by A.D. Laderman and D.B. Ward .......... 91B Associated Fauna .......................................... 108C Hydric Soils ............................................. 110D Personal Communications and Acknowledgments: Reference .................. 111viii
Page 1: Biological Report 85(7.21)July 1989
Page 5: PREFACEThis monograph on the ecolog
Page 9 and 10: NumberTABLESEarliest records of Atl
Page 11 and 12: - CHAPTER 1 -INTRODUCTION1 .I GENER
Page 13 and 14: TEMPORARLYSEASONALLY1I SATURATED1Fi
Page 15 and 16: Stagnant,,- melting Icel Block d~ag
Page 17: Table I. Earliest records of Atlant
Page 20 and 21: CHAPTER 2 -REGIONAL OVERVIEW2.1 INT
Page 22 and 23: stands are scattered north and west
Page 24 and 25: state and is gathering data hithert
Page 26 and 27: corner of the state, and Uttertown
Page 28 and 29: hardwood stands, or as isolated tre
Page 30 and 31: cedar have comprised 40%-60% of the
Page 32 and 33: tablished. Drainage from 224 krn of
Page 34 and 35: perennial streams (Figure 18) and i
Page 36 and 37: - CHAPTER 3 -CHAMAECYPARIS THYOIDES
Page 38 and 39: Ms&gua As early as 1923, Akermandes
Page 40 and 41: - CHAPTER 4 -STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
Page 42 and 43: ottomland-isolatedtill & bedrockupl
Page 44 and 45: Table 5. Mean August tissue nutrien
Page 46 and 47: - CHAPTER 5 -BIOLOGICAL COMPONENTS
Page 48 and 49: Figure 24a. Companions: plants freq
Page 50 and 51: Figure 24c. Companions: Plants freq
Page 52 and 53: ?able 7. Comparison of bird species
Page 54 and 55: Meanley (1979) emphasized the impor
Page 56 and 57:
- CHAPTER 6 -MANAGEMENT AND HARVEST
Page 58 and 59:
FireBurnedtreesPeatGlacialrubble-Tr
Page 60 and 61:
Mixedhardwood& shrubsPeatGlacialrub
Page 62 and 63:
acidity is reduced, and ammonia, ph
Page 64 and 65:
and condition of the soil surface a
Page 66 and 67:
sprouts and shade-tolerant shrubs g
Page 68 and 69:
Figure 32. Atlantic white cedar reg
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sedhflings, conversely, canopy open
Page 72 and 73:
FORESTMANAGEMENTSCHEMAT I CLEGEND-
Page 74 and 75:
-.- Rsfupe BoundaryState BoundaryRo
Page 76 and 77:
NATIONAL WILDLIFE RERX;EVirginia an
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Figure 38. Alligator River (North C
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Mainland Dare County is located on
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The cedar swamp forests along the A
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IPure Atlanticwhite cedar standsy-J
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Generally, the mixed swamp forest s
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species of mammals are recorded by
Page 90 and 91:
Braun-Blanquet, J. [I 9321 1983. Pl
Page 92 and 93:
Ferguson, R.H., and C.E. Meyer. 197
Page 94 and 95:
Littte, S. 1953. Prescribed burning
Page 96 and 97:
Porter, D.M. 1979. Rare and endange
Page 98 and 99:
Gov. Print. Off., Washington, DC. (
Page 101 and 102:
APPENDIX A. Flora Associated with C
Page 103 and 104:
APPENDIX A. Flora: Trees (6ontin~ed
Page 106 and 107:
APPENDIX A. Flora: Shrubs (Continue
Page 108 and 109:
APPENDIX A. Fiora: Herbs (Continud)
Page 110 and 111:
APPENDIX A. Flora: Herbs (Continued
Page 112 and 113:
APPENDIX A. flora: Herbs (Continued
Page 114 and 115:
Page 116 and 117:
Page 118 and 119:
APPENDIX B. FAUNA OF ATLANTIC WHITE
Page 120 and 121:
APPENDIX C. Hydric Soilsis a soil t
Page 122 and 123:
Frost, CecilFuller, ManleyFunk, Dav
Page 124 and 125:
Ward, Daniel B.Whigham, DennisWidof
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