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61Nii Lante Wallace-Bruce, Claims to Statehood in InternationalLaw 51-52 (1994); Malcolm. N. Shaw, Territory inInternational Law, 13 NYIL 61, 67 (1982).62See James Crawford, The Criteria for Statehood inInternational Law, 48 BYIL 93, 114 (1976-1977).63See Nii Lante Wallace-Bruce, Claims to Statehood inInternational Law 54 (1994).64James Crawford, The Criteria for Statehood in InternationalLaw, 48 BYIL 93, 117 (1976-1977).65League of Nations Official Journal, Special Supplement No. 4(1920) at 8-9.66James Crawford, The Creation of States in International Law,44-45, (1979).67James Crawford, The Criteria for Statehood in InternationalLaw, 48 BYIL 93, 116 -17 (1976-1977).68Francis A. Boyle, The Creation of the State of Palestine, 1Portugal beginning in the 17th century. Available at:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea-Bissau (last visited Jan.10, 2007). The African Independence Party of Guinea andthe Cape Verde Islands was formed in 1956. Using armedresistance, in 1970 the Independence Party claimed to haveliberated a large part of the country, and in 1973 formallyproclaimed independence. By May 1974, the ‘state’ hadbeen recognized by eighty-four countries, and welcomed bythe U.N. Security Council that unanimously recommendedits admission to the U.N. However, the Agreement GrantingIndependence between Portugal and Guinea-Bissau wasnot concluded until August of 1974. Despite this, and thusdespite the fact that Guinea-Bissau did not satisfy thetraditional criteria of statehood, recognition as a state wasgranted to Guinea-Bissau. Id.89Nii Lante Wallace-Bruce, Claims to Statehood in Internationalpage 58EJIL, 301 (1990).69Peter Malanczuk, Akehurst’s Modern Introduction toInternational Law 77 (7th ed. 1997) (1970).70See James Crawford, The Creation of the State of Palestine:Too Much Too Soon?, 1 EJIL 307, 308-309 (1990).71James Crawford, The Criteria for Statehood in InternationalLaw, 48 BYIL 93, 119 (1976-1977).72See Nii Lante Wallace-Bruce, Claims to Statehood inInternational Law 55-56 (1994).73See Nii Lante Wallace-Bruce, Claims to Statehood inInternational Law 57 (1994).74Malcolm N. Shaw, International Law 143 (1997).75Reports of International Arbitral Awards, vol. 2, at 829, 838(1928).76[1931] P.C.I.J. REP. series A/B, No. 41.77Nii Lante Wallace-Bruce, Claims to Statehood in InternationalLaw 58 (1994).78James Crawford, The Criteria for Statehood in InternationalLaw 48 BYIL 93, 123 (1976-1977).79James Crawford, The Criteria for Statehood in InternationalLaw, 66 (1994).90A state’s duty of non-interference will be discussed below.91James Crawford, The Criteria for Statehood in InternationalLaw, 48 BYIL 93, 108 (1976-1977).92Nii Lante Wallace-Bruce, Claims to Statehood in InternationalLaw, 66-67 (1994).93Nii Lante Wallace-Bruce, Claims to Statehood in InternationalLaw, 68 (1994). The declaration states that:States shall refrain from the threat or use of force against theterritorial integrity or political independence of a state;States shall settle their international disputes by peacefulmeans;The duty not to intervene in matters within the domesticjurisdiction of any state;The duty of states to cooperate with one another;Principles of equal rights and self-determination of peoples;Sovereign equality of states; andStates shall fulfill in good faith the obligations assumed bythem under the charter.94See Nii Lante Wallace-Bruce, Claims to Statehood inLaw 48 BYIL 93, 126 (1976-1977).80James Crawford, The Criteria for Statehood in InternationalLaw 48 BYIL 93, 120 (1976-1977).81Restatement (2nd), Foreign Relations Law of the UnitedStates (1965) S 100.82James Crawford, The Criteria for Statehood in InternationalLaw, 48 BYIL 93, 140-41 (1976-1977).83James Crawford, The Criteria for Statehood in InternationalLaw, 48 BYIL 93, 141(1976 -1977).84James Crawford, The Criteria for Statehood in InternationalLaw, 48 BYIL 93, 142 (1976-1977).85James Crawford, The Criteria for Statehood in InternationalLaw, 48 BYIL 93, 142 (1976-1977).86James Crawford, The Criteria for Statehood in InternationalLaw, 48 BYIL 93, 142 (1976-1977).87Nii Lante Wallace-Bruce, Claims to Statehood in InternationalLaw 79-82 (1994). This will be discussed below.88James Crawford, The Creation of States in InternationalLaw, 260-61 (1979). Guinea-Bissau was colonized byInternational Law 68 (1994).95Michael Curtis, International Law and the Territories 32Harvard International Law Journal ,457, 471 (1991).96James Crawford, The Criteria for Statehood in InternationalLaw 48 BYIL 93, 152 (1976-1977).97Malcolm N. Shaw, International Law, 144 (1997).98Malcolm N. Shaw, International Law, 145 (1997).99Nii Lante Wallace-Bruce, Claims to Statehood in InternationalLaw, 69 (1994).100Nii Lante Wallace-Bruce, Claims to Statehood in InternationalLaw, 79-82 (1994).101Michael Curtis, International Law and the Territories, 32Harvard Int’l L. J. 457, 470 (1991).102Michael Curtis, International Law and the Territories, 32Harvard Int’l L. J. 457, 471 (1991).103Malvina Halberstam, Self Determination in the Arab-IsraeliConflict: Meaning, Myth and Politics, 21 N.Y.U J. Int’l L & Pol.465 (1989).104Nii Lante Wallace-Bruce, Claims to Statehood in International
Law, 69 (1994).105See Malcolm N. Shaw, International Law 146 (1997).106Malcolm N. Shaw, International Law 146-47 (1997).107On September 9, 1993, Yasser Arafat sent a letter to thenPrime Minister Yitzchak Rabin in which he recognized theright of Israel to exist in peace and security. In response,Rabin sent a letter to Arafat, also dated September 9, 2003, inwhich Israel recognized the PLO as the representatives of thePalestinian people. (http://www.mfa.gov.il).108G.A. Res. 3237, U.N. GAOR, 29th Sess., 2296th mtg. On 22November 1974 the United Nations General Assembly passedResolution 3237, which conferred on the PLO the status of apermanent observer in the Assembly and other internationalconferences held under UN auspices.109Francis A. Boyle, The Creation of the State of Palestine, 1 EJIL301, 302 (1990).110G.A. Res. 43/177, U.N. GAOR, 43rd sess., 82nd mtg.111Krystyna Marek, Identity and Continuity of States in PublicInternational Law, 159 (Droit 1968).112Peter Malanczuk, Akehurst’s Modern Introduction toInternational Law 82-84 (7th ed. 1997).113The complex relationship between recognition and statehoodis discussed above.114Malcolm N. Shaw, Territory in International Law, 13 NYIL61, 63-64 (1982). Territory has traditionally fulfilled twomain functions: “the need for a shelter for security andthe possibility of acting as a springboard for opportunity.”However, Professor Shaw argues that whether territoryalone continues to fulfill these two functions is questionable.Modern military technology, missiles included, demonstratethat while important (as will be discussed below the merepossession of territory cannot alone guarantee security.Even recognized boundaries on a map may not offer totalimmunity from terrorist infiltration. With regard to thesecond traditional function of territory, the growth of multinationalindustry and organizations, and the developmentof international economic institutions have meant that inthis regard too, the function of territory has been muchdiminished.115Charles De Visscher was a legal practitioner, who became amember of the PCIJ in the 1930s. This portion of his careerended in 1952 when he was not re-elected to the ICJ. Hereturned to academic life, and began writing and publishingbooks. While slightly dated today, his works have receiveduniversal praise.116Malcolm N. Shaw, Territory in International Law, 13 NYIL 61,Self-Government Arrangements, Sept. 13, 1993, Isr.-PLO,Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Government of Israel [hereinafterDOP].121The Israel PLO Agreement on the Gaza Strip and GreaterJericho Area provides for the partial redeployment of Israeliadministration and military forces in the Gaza Strip andJericho area, and allows the PA to assume most functionsof local governance in those areas. See Agreement on theGaza Strip and Jericho Area, May 4, 1999, Isr.-PLO, Ministryof Foreign Affairs, Government of Israel [hereinafter CairoAgreement].122Cairo Agreement, Article XI.123Cairo Agreement, Annex I, Article IX.124Erik Schechter, A History of ‘“safe passage”,’ Jerusalem Post,Dec. 16, 2005, at 18.125Peter Malanczuk, Some Basic Aspects of the AgreementsBetween Israel and the PLO from the Perspective ofInternational Law, 7 EJIL 485, 488 (1996).126Oslo II, Annex I, Article X.127Oslo II, Annex I, Article X.128This will be discussed below.129Alan Dershowitz, The Case for Peace 39 (2005).130Interview with Daniel Taub, Foreign Ministry Legal Affairsofficial, in Jerusalem (Dec. 20, 2005) (copy on file).131A Performance-Based Roadmap to a Permanent Two-StateSolution to the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict, Apr, 30, 2003,available at: www.mfa.gov.il (last visited Jan. 10, 2007).13213/12/2005, SG/SM/10262, pal/2033. The Secretary Generalin a Message to the Conference on the Question of PalestineCalls for the Redoubling of Efforts to Meet Road MapObligations.133Address by Israeli Prime Minister Ariel Sharon to the HighLevel Plenary Meeting of the 60th Session of the UnitedNations General Assembly, September 15, 2005.134The Disengagement Plan-General Outline, Communicated bythe Prime Minister’s Office, April 18, 2004, Article 2, availableat: www.mfa.gov.il (last visited Feb. 28, 2007).135Agreed Documents on Movement and Access from and toGaza, November 15 2005, available at: www.mfa.gov.il (lastvisited Feb. 28, 2007).136Op-ed, Unsafe passage, Jerusalem Post, Dec. 12, 2005, at 13.137Hilary Leila Krieger, US ‘not pressing’ for Gaza, W. BankConvoys, Jerusalem Post, Dec. 9, 2005, at 10.138Hilary Leila Krieger, Gaza-West Bank Convoys Put on Hold,Jerusalem Post, Dec. 16, 2005, at 1.139This security consideration will be discussed below.page 5964 (1982).117Malcolm N. Shaw, Territory in International Law, 13 NYIL 61,65 (1982).118Malcolm N. Shaw, Territory in International Law, 13 NYIL 61,72 (1982).119Guide to the Peace Process: The Madrid Framework, www.mfa.gov.il.120Declaration of Principles on Interim Self-GovernmentArrangements. See Declaration of Principles on Interim140Oxford English Dictionary 822 (2nd ed. 1989).141Black’s Law Dictionary 338 (8th ed. 2004).142Black’s Law Dictionary 338 (8th ed. 2004).143Oxford English Dictionary 830 (2nd ed. 1989).144The Oxford English Dictionary 830 (2nd ed. 1989).145Black’s Law Dictionary 340 (8th ed. 2004).146The Oxford English Dictionary 746 (2nd ed. 1989).147The Oxford English Dictionary 745 (2nd ed. 1989).148Secretary Rice’s use of this term will be discussed below.
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© 2007 Jerusalem Center for Public
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Executive SummaryOn March 27, 2007,
Page 10: page 10A masked terrorist of the Al
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Page 61 and 62: 194Ulrich Fastenrath, Servitudes, 1
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