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while the droplet size distribution of cloud(include water cloud and ice cloud) follow theK-M distribution(Marshall, etal,1948):ND CD D2( )=1exp( − λ )The ranges of the DSD(droplet size distribution) parameters for cloud andprecipitation were set separately according to domestic observations.By numerical simulation and sampling to droplet size distribution for 1330 times, the kand Z at 3.2 millimeter wavelength and 8.6 millimeter wavelengths were got, then thecoefficient α&β were counted statistically, and the k-Z relationshipβk = αZ at the twowavelengths were finally obtained .3 Results3.1 The k-Z relationship in water cloudThe parameters of the K-M distribution( C1、 λ ) were dicided by cloud droplet numberconcentration(N) and liquid water content(M),the ranges of N and M were set as−310< N < 1000 ( )−cm , 10 4 < M < 13( g/ m )The k-Z relationship for small sphere particles in water cloud were obtained.(Fig.1)1E+01E+0k(Np/km)1E-11E-2k = 5.1051Z 0.4921R 2 = 0.9852k(Np/km)1E-11E-2k = 5.0965Z 0.4919R 2 = 0.9851(a)1E-31E-8 1E-7 1E-6 1E-5 1E-4 1E-3 1E-2 1E-1Z(mm 6 /m 3 )(b)1E-31E-8 1E-7 1E-6 1E-5 1E-4 1E-3 1E-2 1E-1Z(mm 6 /m 3 )1E+01E+01E-1k= 1.1079Z 0.4921R 2 = 0.98521E-1k = 1.1061Z 0.4919R 2 = 0.9851k(Np/km)1E-2k(Np/km)1E-21E-3(c)1E-41E-8 1E-7 1E-6 1E-5 1E-4 1E-3 1E-2 1E-1Z(mm 6 /m 3 )1E-3(d)1E-41E-8 1E-7 1E-6 1E-5 1E-4 1E-3 1E-2 1E-1Z(mm 6 /m 3 )2-482-
Fig.1 The k-Z relationship for small sphere particles in cloud.(a)λ=3.2mm,Dmax=0.006 cm,(b)λ=3.2mm,Dmax=0.01 cm(c)λ=8.6mm,Dmax=0.006 cm,(d)λ=8.6mm,Dmax=0.01 cm3.2 The k-Z relationship in ice cloudThe parameters of the K-M distribution( C1、 λ ) were dicided by ice concentration(N)and ice water content(IWC),the ranges of N and IWC were set as−10 4 −3< N < 10 ( cm ) ,10−4< IWC < 10−13( g/ m )The k-Z relationship for small sphere ice particles in cloud were as followed:1E-21E-2k(Np/km)1E-31E-4k = 0.0016Z 0.4779R 2 = 0.8844k(Np/km)1E-31E-4k = 0.0016Z 0.4662R 2 = 0.8823(a)1E-51E-5 1E-4 1E-3 1E-2 1E-1 1E+0 1E+1Z(mm 6 /m 3 )(b)1E-51E-5 1E-4 1E-3 1E-2 1E-1 1E+0 1E+1Z(mm 6 /m 3 )1E-21E-21E-3k = 0.0003Z 0.4436R 2 = 0.86581E-3k = 0.0003Z 0.4412R 2 = 0.8707k(Np/km)1E-41E-5(c)1E-61E-5 1E-4 1E-3 1E-2 1E-1 1E+0 1E+1Z(mm 6 /m 3 )k(Np/km)1E-41E-5(d)1E-61E-4 1E-3 1E-2 1E-1 1E+0 1E+1Z(mm 6 /m 3 )Fig.2 The k-Z relationship for small sphere ice particles in cloud.(a)λ=3.2mm,Dmax=0.02 cm,(b)λ=3.2mm,Dmax=0.04 cm(c)λ=8.6mm,Dmax=0.02 cm,(d)λ=8.6mm,Dmax=0.04 cm3.3 The k-Z relationship in precipitationThe ranges of the parameters of the Gamma distribution( C1、 µ 、 D 0) were set as3-483-
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World Meteorological OrganizationWW
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ForewordWeather disasters often ari
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CONFERENCE SCHEDULEThird WMO Intern
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Conference program for the third WM
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Conference program:A. High impact p
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B3. 13:45-15:40 Session Chair: Rich
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P. 19:15-20:30 19-20 Oct. 2010 Post
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H. Conference summaryConvener: Chun
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Session AHigh impact Precipitation
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1. IntroductionSynoptic and Mesosca
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and PS each accounting for about 20
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ain-producing storms (Schumacher an
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Houze, R. A., Jr., S. A. Rutledge,
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Convection over the Taunus Mountain
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in the southeast of the investigate
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Spatial and Temporal Variations of
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were normalized to sum 1 to give th
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during the continuous one day (Rx1d
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The Weather Research and Forecastin
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Convective rainfall in wet runs is
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On the Study of Tropical Cyclone Ra
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Fig.2 Severe tropical storm Bilis (
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Numerical simulation (Zhu H.Y, et a
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Influence of Typhoon Songda (2004)
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southeastern part of typhoon circul
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the thermal structure is asymmetric
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The estimation of TC quantitative p
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from 0000 UTC on 8 August 2009 to 0
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and 1.23:1 in 24h, indicates that t
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in the latter 24-h, on average, the
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4. Sensitivity experiment results1)
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ReferencesChen, L., and Y. Ding, 19
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of the documented intensity and tra
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Figure 1b shows the distribution of
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influence.In order to explain the v
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torrential rain days in 2009. The d
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over China mainland for the 32 typh
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Advances in Understanding the “Pe
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3. Contributions of the east-west o
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Fig. 3. Hovmoller diagram of the ra
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convective band over the Taiwan Str
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The mechanism analysis of cloud and
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The simulations were performed with
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different sub-regions to interpret
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An Idealized Numerical Study on the
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The Effect of ENSO on the Summer Mo
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Session BQuantitative Precipitation
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Observations of Precipitation Proce
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elevation angle. It grows and then
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Figure 8: Outflow (above) and inflo
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Figure 10: Model forecasts of vario
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ReferencesPaul Joe, Chris Doyle, Al
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produce the ‘predicted’ analysi
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asis. First, co-located daily CMORP
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used in this paper were obtained fr
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with thresholds of 0.1mm (including
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The Megha-Tropiques accumulated rai
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Figure 1 shows the flow chart of th
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Over the Ouémé site, the evolutio
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Starting from June 15 , 2 001, t he
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5. Year and Season-wise Comparison
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QPE and QPF of Japan Meteorological
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By multiply ing calibrated echo int
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4.3 ACCURACY OF VSRFCritical Succes
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Verification of Tropical Cyclones-R
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To co mpare t he ab ilities of 3B 4
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AllcasesLandfallTCsTable 3. TS, ETS
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The representation of the rain gaug
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3 Results16Percentage(%)14121086200
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403530Related Error(%)25201510504 C
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Recent Progresseson TC Precipitatio
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fields, particularly taking account
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form. The initial conditions of ens
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Comparative Study on QPE Methods of
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B3.2possible rain states that could
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B3.4Figure 2: Spatial temporal samp
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A Radar-based Technique for the Ide
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et al. (2007), the HEM obtained exa
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these calibration algorithms.7. Con
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CINRAD Warning Indexof Local Extrem
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Research of Rainfall Estimation usi
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Figure 1 has shown the relationship
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4. Summary and discussion(1) T he T
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Session CHydrologic prediction and
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Hydrological Perspective on QPE/QPF
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the river system in the basin. The
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(2) As input of the hydrological di
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satellite estimates) and the foreca
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NWP models’ Application in Flood
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Deltares’ Flood Early Warning Sys
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A further challenge for hydrologic
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2.2 Test areaHuaihe Basin locates i
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Fig. 4 The same as Fig.3, but at Wa
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Third WMO International Conference
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There is a unimodal pattern in the
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Number of days with 1mm and above95
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homogeneous (Fig. 1). Thi s area is
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a, without precipitation in future
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Session DVerification of Precipitat
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Intercomparison of verification met
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intensity f or pr e- and pos t-defo
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Figure 1: From Gilleland et al. (20
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New Model Evaluation Tools (MET) So
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During the HWT project, precipitati
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Figure 4: Example showing atmospher
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Performance Evaluation of the AREM
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0-24h and 24-48h, the improved mode
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Fig.4 24h accumulative precipitatio
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simple upscaling technique whereby
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(panel c) and 20mm/24h (panel d) fo
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A new field verification score base
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still overlapping the observed feat
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Case Description of forecast featur
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Quantitative Precipitation Forecast
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GFS60 and NAM60 at the lowest thres
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difference between the two models i
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Scale-related Issues involving veri
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of scores for the GFS at heavier ra
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Fig. 4. Comparison of probability o
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From these equations one can see th
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Figure 2. Verification scores as a
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Session EData assimilation for prec
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Progress in data assimilation for N
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Here, k is the number of ensemble m
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0200pressure (hPa)400600800spread a
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Impacts of multiple radar data assi
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High Resolution Radar Accumulation
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3. MethodThe non-hydrostatic versio
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Figure 5: Accumulation in the Waipa
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J(X ) Jb Jo Jc1 T 1T X X ) B ( X
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prediction, and so forth, to observ
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experiment, velocity assimilated ex
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Cycle Forecasting System in China.
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successfully forecast by AREM-RUC a
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Session FPrecipitation variability
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FRepresentation of Monsoon Systems
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4 ResultsFigure 2: Monsoon mean pre
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explained by higher sea surface tem
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Variability of Rainfall, Increasing
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(a)(b)Figure 1 : (a) Change of Temp
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According the analy sis of rainfall
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the rainfall v ariability will high
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Regional Impact of Climate Change i
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Figure 2. Map of the classified wea
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Table 3. The num ber of weather st
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such a mo del. Second, we ha ve o b
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Joint fuzzy an alysis o f SST , SAT
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Variability of Equatorial East Afri
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(d)2.5 4.0 5.5(c)-10 0 10(b)-10 0 5
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Figure 4: (a) The first spatial mod
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Session GQuantitative Precipitation
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Ongoing developments on Limited Are
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een done but much i s s till needed
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Hacker, J., S.-Y. Ha, C. Sn yder, J
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the initial field as possible based
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One advantage of ensemble forecasti
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southern hemisphere through the equ
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model results predict rate moves in
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Term growth forecast s, th e error
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ponent of the Brier score is reduce
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in the combined field (Fig.3c). For
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Probabilistic QPF from a realtime m
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to help assessing impacts from diff
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abFigure 3.ETS scores of the 3-h ac
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Flow chart of multi-model rainfall
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GermanJapan NCEP Ens Forecaster(a)E
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methodology. However, the operation
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Research and Operation on Quantitat
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A numerical study of aerosol effect
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maximum cloud water mixing ratio in
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an increase in concentration of clo
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perturbations. Blending combines th
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Figure 2. Comparison of CRPSSof 12h
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Global QPF and QPE: Where do we hav
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countries, the 1 o 1 o GPCC rainfa
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determine the origin of these diffe
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Fig. 2: The global distribution of
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Fig. 4: Scatter plots showing the c
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Multiscale Spectral Structures of T
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mountain ridges and are anticipated
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triggered convection conditions pre
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Rainfall forecasts from the Met Off
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Figure 2: (a) Domain-averaged rainf
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4. Summary and discussionWe have de
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G3itself it is incapable of providi
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G3Precipitation for February 2nd, 2
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Can Multi-model ensemble forecasts
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amounts over thresholds, 1, 3, 5, 1
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In addition to combination of all t
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-Carry out the verification for oth
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How sensitive are probabilistic pre
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CMORPH (Climate Prediction Center M
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Among the alternatives that have be
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Based on the daily mean temperature
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the individual models and the EMN t
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The Development of Ensemble Predict
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70(a)70(b)60AREM-SY AREM-CTL AREM-E
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Poster Presentations-379-
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Coupling Ensemble weather predictio
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sub-catchments to be used as inputs
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This work was supported by the Rese
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3. DataFor the investigation the we
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Flash flood forecasting by coupling
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gauges. Fig. 1 shows the event accu
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The floods were sim ulated with bot
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Comparison of calibration technique
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10.10.010.00110.10.010.0010 0.2 0.4
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24-h rainfall forecast. Nevertheles
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ANALYSIS FOR TURBULENCE AND WIND GU
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Research and Application of Typhoon
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[3] TIAN H, MA K Y,LIN Z S. Analysi
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What’s more, th e tw o curves als
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precipitation in southern areas of
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Chen Huai, Wang Yongbo, Shi N eng,
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An hourly updated convection-allowi
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GFS dataset or any other reason, th
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Downscaling precipitation for weath
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abFig.2. The 24h accumulated precip
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A Kalman Filter based QPF calibrati
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Scale Parameter10090807060504030rai
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It is clear that the values of scal
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THE IMPACT OF NORTH PACIFIC SUBTROP
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negative in the northern hemisphere
Page 451 and 452: Establishment and Verification of M
Page 453 and 454: Multi-model Ensemble QPF for Southe
Page 455 and 456: (4)andcan be estimated for all mode
Page 457 and 458: Table 4 The number of observations
Page 459 and 460: gauge coverage is definitely not sa
Page 461 and 462: It would be an attractive result if
Page 463 and 464: Analysis on a permanent elongate co
Page 465 and 466: PECS grow. The evolution of meso-sc
Page 467 and 468: 3 rd Conference on QPE /QPF an
Page 475 and 476: QPF verification using object-orien
Page 477 and 478: measure the S and A components resp
Page 479 and 480: 5. ConclusionsSeveral problems aris
Page 481 and 482: 2.1 MethodologyIn the EOF analysis,
Page 483 and 484: calculated respectively, the compar
Page 485 and 486: IntroductionProbabilistic predictio
Page 487 and 488: Once the models are obtained, they
Page 489 and 490: REFERENCES- Charles Mutai: 2000, Di
Page 491 and 492: This paper selects the process of w
Page 493 and 494: (b1)cntl (b2)snd (b3)cmwFig.5the cl
Page 495 and 496: (2) There is no much difference in
Page 497 and 498: Analysis of Convective Precipitatio
Page 499 and 500: F(per/6min)30025020015010050F(per/6
Page 501: Research on the Relationship betwee
Page 505 and 506: esearch on the correction for atten
Page 507 and 508: 22224diction of the heavy precipita
Page 509 and 510: Study on Mechanism of an Extra Rain
Page 511 and 512: which promoted the shear line devel
Page 513 and 514: References[1] SUN Shu-Qing and ZHOU
Page 515 and 516: the main p oints in our estimation
Page 517 and 518: QC test to reject the bogus faulty
Page 519 and 520: -499-
Page 521 and 522: The Impact of Parameterization of C
Page 523 and 524: LinThompsonMilbrandt-YauMorrisonFig
Page 525 and 526: MOST (Grant No. GYHY20070 6036), th
Page 527 and 528: National Meteorological Center (NMC
Page 529 and 530: Fig. 4 Comparison of percentile are
Page 531 and 532: Impact of Different Boundary Layer
Page 533 and 534: (a)observed rainfall,(b)simulated r
Page 535 and 536: In te rms of ener getics, the hea v
Page 537 and 538: The Estimation of Rainstorm Forecas
Page 539 and 540: Fig. 2 TS Score of accumulated 24h
Page 541 and 542: Study on the 3D Structure of Typhoo
Page 543 and 544: abFig.1 (a) Total precipitation (mm
Page 545 and 546: satellite images at 12:00BST on 18
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