WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.COMOPERATIONSFigure 12-1. Theater Logistics Systembe formed around Army organizations and can be augmentedby the Army, other government agencies, andcivilian resources.The national industrial base and bases in other theatersare linked to the theater logistics base throughintertheater LOCs. Theater army commanders assumeresponsibility for distribution management at theaterport facilities. The mission of the entire logistics system—fromCONUS to the most forward-deployedCSS forces in the CZ—is to provide support in theright quantities at the right time and place.Theater logistics capabilities support units locatedin and passing through the COMMZ and absorb requirementsthat are beyond the capability or capacityof the forward support units. Theater logistics basesare often located well behind the CZ. Positioning selectedtheater logistics capabilities forward can helpdisperse critical assets and be more responsive to unitsin the CZ.SPLIT-BASED OPERATIONSThe full integration of supply and transportationfunctions into a vertical distribution system is critical.Enhanced and assured communications allow selectedlogistics management functions to be accomplishedfrom CONUS or from a forward-presence location,deploying only those functional capabilities absolutelynecessary. This is called split-based operations. Splitbasedoperations can be used as a means of providingmateriel management support to the force, whereverit is located. To do this, part of the materiel managementcenter (MMC) remains in CONUS or its peacetimeforward-presence location, while force-projectioncells deploy to an AO with the force they support.12-8
WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.COM<strong>FM</strong> <strong>100</strong>-5The deployed MMC cells consist of personnel andequipment in modular components that provide a conduitfor electronic transmission of logistics data andmessage and voice communications traffic. The rearMMC continues to support the stay-behind force whileconcurrently interfacing with the deployed cells toprovide the required support forward. With assuredcommunications and automation, the forward-deployedMMC cell is able to interface back to the supportingMMC. Split-based operations apply to all otherlogistics functions. Planners assess the capabilities andassets available in the theater and determine how tosupplement them without unnecessary duplication.LINES OF COMMUNICATIONLOCs are all the routes (land, water, and air) thatconnect an operating military force with a base of operationsand along which supplies and military forcesmove. They are different than lines of operation, whichdescribe the direction from a combat force’s base ofoperations to its objective. Traditionally, limited clearancecapacities at ports and airfields and limited inlandtransportation networks constrain combat operations.Significant logistics coordination takes place atthose key nodes. Land, naval, and air forces of variousnations, for example, compete for real estate, shipberthing and unloading facilities, transportation, labor,and construction materials. Identifying bottlenecks enroute to or within the theater is the first step in coordinatingactivities to avoid overloading LOCs or determininghow to increase throughput.Maintaining uninterrupted logistics supportthroughout all phases of an operation or campaign isthe central challenge of logistics. Effective and efficientdistribution of logistics along LOCs is critical.Depending on the geography of the theater, the availabilityof transportation assets, and the threat, ALOCsand SLOCs may supplement ground LOCs. StrategicLOCs are linked with a predominantly ground LOCnetwork at the theater base. Intratheater ALOCs arerequired to maintain flexibility and effect emergencyhigh-priority resupply and replacement actions.A campaign or major operation should never dependon a single LOC. Moreover, where austere logisticsresources limit multiple LOCs, security for airand ground LOCs is particularly important. ProtectingLOCs at minimum cost to committed combat unitsincludes using geographic features, friendly civil securityforces, and uncommitted combat units. It maybe necessary to conduct a major operation to securethe LOCs required to support later phases of a campaign.On a fluid battlefield, LOCs may change orientationrapidly. Unexpected threats may require the rapidredeployment of combat forces to block or counterattackthe enemy. Unexpected opportunities may developwhich might disappear unless quickly exploited.Doing so might require a significant reorientation ofthe main effort. Ideally, the locations of LOCs allowshifts in operational direction without major adjustmentof the sustaining effort. More frequently, however,shifts in lines of operation require a correspondingchange in LOCs. Such a change may also be necessaryto compensate for damage to or interruption ofexisting LOCs.The operational commander understands the relationshipbetween time, LOCs, and forward combatpower. Time spent in deliberate preparation—movingunits and stockpiling resources—can result ingreater operational capability in the future. This wasthe case in <strong>Operations</strong> Desert Shield and Desert Storm,where bases were positioned forward to support futureoperations. The commander weighs these advantagesagainst current operational requirements. Theoperational commander seeks to support each majoroperation efficiently and, as the campaign progresses,to adjust his LOCs and support bases as necessary.Versatility is built into the logistics system to makethese adjustments with minimum confusion and delay.Forces decrease risk associated with shifting LOCsby terrain and route reconnaissance, assignment andreconnaissance of alternate transhipment and supplypoint areas, construction and maintenance of alternatefacilities and transportation networks, development andrehearsal of rapid relocation procedures, and continuouscontingency planning. Logistics operations canavoid shortfalls by carefully integrating intratheaterairlift and using host nation support and tactical supportassets during the actual relocation of facilities andtraffic. Logistics planners estimate the time requiredto make those adjustments and begin the relocationprocess early.ESTABLISHING ATHEATER LOGISTICS BASECombat and supporting logistics activities rely onan underlying infrastructure system. The Army willoften be required to provide engineering and base developmentsupport to joint and combined operations.12-9