faience and glass beads from the late bronze - Department of ...

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1CHAPTER IINTRODUCTIONThe Bead Trade and the Uluburun ShipwreckBeads are considered one of the first forms of ornamentation created by humans.Due to their durability, ease of transport, and widespread use, beads were alreadyconsidered a valuable trade commodity in Neolithic societies and were composed ofdiverse forms and materials. 1The trading of beads continued throughout millennia;from the 16 th to 18 th centuries, European merchants brought millions of Venetian glassbeads to Africa, where the beads were traded for gold and slaves, consequentlybecoming a vital part of African economy and society. 2Early European colonists inNorth America also recognized beads as both versatile and desirable articles of trade. 3That beads functioned as a trade commodity during the Bronze Age is confirmedby their abundance aboard the Uluburun shipwreck. This wreck, discovered off thesouthwest Turkish coast at Uluburun near Ka in 1982 (fig. 1), was excavated over 11consecutive summer seasons, from 1984 to 1994, by the Institute of NauticalArchaeology at Texas A&M University. 4The range of artifacts recovered from thewreck suggest a date of around 1300 B.C. 5 and provide an unparalleled view of LateBronze Age palatial or elite gift exchange. 6This thesis follows the style and format of the American Journal of Archaeology.1 Dubin 2004, 30.2 Dubin 2004, 132.3 Erikson 1993, 42.4 Pulak 1998, 188.5 Pulak 1998, 213-4.6 Pulak 2001, 48.
2Fig. 1. Location of the Uluburun shipwreck in relation to pertinent Late Bronze Age archaeologicalsites. (After Friedman 1998, 264, map 1)The cargo of this ship consisted of both raw materials and luxury items, whichcorrespond to goods mentioned in the late 14 th -century Amarna Letters. 7The metalingots from the wreck comprise the "single largest assemblage of Bronze Age copperand tin ingots." 8The cargo also contained ingots of glass, which, upon remelting, could7 Pulak 1998, 215.8 Pulak 2001, 18.
Page 1 and 2: FAIENCE AND GLASS BEADS FROM THELAT
Page 3 and 4: iiiABSTRACTFaience and Glass Beads
Page 5 and 6: vACKNOWLEDGMENTSI wish to acknowled
Page 7 and 8: viiCHAPTERPageVGLASS: MATERIAL AND
Page 9 and 10: ixLIST OF FIGURESFIGUREPage1 Locati
Page 11 and 12: xiFIGUREPage4.3 Tiny and segmented
Page 13: xiiiFIGUREPageB.31 Small glass bead
Page 17 and 18: 4Palestinian coast to a final desti
Page 19 and 20: 6because beads found in archaeologi
Page 21 and 22: 8In the Aegean, beads of numerous m
Page 23 and 24: 10dowry lists of Mitanni princesses
Page 25 and 26: 12Faience beads were highly valued
Page 27 and 28: 14eye beads found in Mycenaean buri
Page 29 and 30: 16is based on Beck’s terminology
Page 31 and 32: 18Table 2.1. Categories of faience
Page 33 and 34: 20Inv. No. Lot 9463.bN16 LL4Beck No
Page 35 and 36: 22found in the tomb. 8Jewelry recov
Page 37 and 38: 24Fig. 2.3. Segmented faience beads
Page 39 and 40: 26The shipwreck yielded around 1,60
Page 41 and 42: 28Cogwheel BeadsInv. No. KW 2496L16
Page 43 and 44: 30Inv. No. KW 4568N18Beck No. XXIII
Page 45 and 46: 32Grain-of-Wheat BeadsThis bead typ
Page 47 and 48: 34Fig. 2.10. Grain-of-wheat variant
Page 49 and 50: 36The grain-of-wheat beads represen
Page 51 and 52: 38Biconical BeadsThe biconical faie
Page 53 and 54: 40remaining beads possess 17 gadroo
Page 55 and 56: 42Woolley’s type 17, spoked-wheel
Page 57 and 58: 44longer and fusiform rather than b
Page 59 and 60: 46example with all three features w
Page 61 and 62: 48gadrooned; their form is similar
Page 63 and 64: 50deteriorated, bead diameter is so
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52Fig. 2.17. Concreted mass of smal
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54the Greek mainland, 151 Crete, 15
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56At least seven segmented glass be
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58Large Glass BeadsInv. No. KW 2673
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60Fig. 2.24. Large glass bead from
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62that of the matrix or bead body,
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64most often obscuring the beads’
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66their infrequency in Egypt, howev
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68The ship came to rest on a steep
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70Faience BeadsThe tiny faience bea
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72sharing a distinct concentration
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Fig. 3.5. Distribution of grain-of-
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76the distribution of plain cogwhee
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78Only five faience button beads we
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80are in close proximity, they diff
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82Conversely, the collared cogwheel
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84tomb were decorated with beads. 1
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86In some cases, the term faience h
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88variety of siliceous materials. M
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90glaze; the unmelted glazing powde
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92Although elaborate faience beads,
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94reconstructed as a three-sided gr
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96Fig. 4.2. Tiny segmented bead fro
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989271.a-c, figures in app. B). In
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100microscope; the surfaces of both
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102app. B) is seemingly unfinished,
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104end, possibly representing a loc
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106CHAPTER VGLASS: MATERIAL AND MAN
Page 121 and 122:
108Assyria, Canaan, and Akkadia. 11
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110B.C., and also occurs with agate
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112k{ing}, my {l}ord, 30 (pieces) o
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114Glass Bead ManufactureGlass work
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116the formation process for stone
Page 131 and 132:
118Manufacture of the Glass Beads F
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120Finally, as noted above, the per
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122spheroid, while the large glass
Page 137 and 138:
124then, that faience and glass, al
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126Blegen, C.W., and E.P. Blegen. 1
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128Engle, A. 1978. Ancient Glass in
Page 143 and 144:
130Lin, S.-H.S. 2003. “Lading of
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132Persson, A.W. 1931. The Royal To
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134Tufnell, O., C.H. Inge, and L. H
Page 149 and 150:
136APPENDIX AGLOSSARY OF TERMSAmygd
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138PerforationHole along the bead a
Page 153 and 154:
140APPENDIX BSAMPLE BEAD DIMENSIONS
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142Table B.1 ContinuedInv. No. Beck
Page 157 and 158:
Fig. B.2. Tiny faience beads KW 988
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Fig. B.4. Tiny faience beads Lot 10
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148Table B.2. Sample dimensions of
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Page 165 and 166:
Fig. B.7. Globular faience beads KW
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Fig. B.9. Globular faience beads Lo
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Page 171 and 172:
Page 173 and 174:
Fig. B.12. Cogwheel faience beads K
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Fig. B.14. Cogwheel faience beads K
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Page 179 and 180:
Page 181 and 182:
Page 183 and 184:
Fig. B.17. Grain-of-wheat variant A
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Fig. B.19. Grain-of-wheat variant A
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Fig. B.21. Grain-of-wheat faience b
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176Table B.8 ContinuedMolded Face I
Page 191 and 192:
Fig. B.22. Biconical variant A faie
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Fig. B.24. Biconical faience beads,
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Fig. B.25. Grooved barrel faience b
Page 197 and 198:
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186Table B.13 ContinuedInv. No. Bec
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Fig. B.28. Small glass beads KW 148
Page 203 and 204:
Page 205 and 206:
Page 207 and 208:
Table B.14 ContinuedInv. No. Beck N
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Fig. B.33. Large glass beads KW 148
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Fig. B.35. Large glass beads Lot 98
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206APPENDIX CESTIMATES OF BEADS IN
Page 221 and 222:
208As these beads approximate to sp
Page 223:
210VITARebecca Suzanne IngramDate o
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