faience and glass beads from the late bronze - Department of ...

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3be formed into a variety of consumer products. 9Luxury items found include goldjewelry, elephant and hippopotamus ivory, ostrich eggshells and African blackwood, awood that the ancient Egyptians called hbny, from which the modern term “ebony” isderived. 10Tens of thousands of beads found on the wreck represent a wide range ofbeadmaking materials, including glass, faience, Baltic amber, quartz, ostrich eggshell,bone, agate, and carnelian. 11Multiple types of beads are represented within somematerials. Many bead types were items of cargo, as evidenced by a concreted mass ofsmall glass beads transported inside a Canaanite jar. Other, less prolific, bead typesrepresent the personal belongings of the crew or passengers aboard the ship.Determining the port of origin for this ship is difficult due to the variety of cargocarried. Although the 149 two-handled transport jars on the wreck are Canaanite inorigin, the ship also carried a substantial shipment of Cypriot pottery. 12Nevertheless,the Syro-Palestinian origin for several shipboard items, including lamps, balanceweights, stone anchors, and the ship’s gold-foil clad bronze deity figurine, confirms awest Asian port of origin, possibly even Ugarit, a city frequently mentioned in theAmarna letters. 13There is also, however, strong evidence for the presence of two highrankingMycenaean officials onboard the ship. These officials probably acted as escortsfor a royal shipment of gifts including raw materials and luxury goods from the Syro-9 Pulak 1998, 202.10 Pulak 1998, 203-6.11 Pulak 1998, 206.12 Pulak 1998, 201-4.13 Pulak 1998, 218; 2001, 14.
4Palestinian coast to a final destination in the Aegean. 14This conclusion accords with thenature of trade during the Late Bronze Age, especially that at Ugarit where, according toJ. Sasson, “…the greatest portion of maritime trading enterprises lay in the hands of theking.” 15Significance and Scope of This StudyThe beads found aboard the Uluburun shipwreck are significant because, due tothe catastrophic nature of the site, their use may be dated securely to the late 14 th centuryB.C. For beads clearly representing items of cargo, this date applies to both their useand manufacture, while those beads belonging to individuals may have beenmanufactured at a much earlier date. Beads found in archaeological contexts arenotoriously difficult to date due to their extended use throughout generations; 16 theability to date the beads from Uluburun is, therefore, advantageous.Since securely dated beads are such a rare find, this Late Bronze Age assemblagemust be adequately recorded in order to provide a reliable reference for futurearchaeological bead studies, which is the intended objective of this thesis. However,both the overwhelming number of beads recovered from this site and the range of beadmaterials represented preclude such a detailed work from being adequately covered inthe scope of one thesis. Therefore, this thesis will focus on beads made of faience andglass only.14 The finds pointing to a Mycenaean presence include swords, knives, spears, seals, amber beads, glassrelief-bead pectorals, and pottery sets (Pulak 1998, 218).15 Sasson 1966, 134.16 Engle 1990, 5.
Page 1 and 2: FAIENCE AND GLASS BEADS FROM THELAT
Page 3 and 4: iiiABSTRACTFaience and Glass Beads
Page 5 and 6: vACKNOWLEDGMENTSI wish to acknowled
Page 7 and 8: viiCHAPTERPageVGLASS: MATERIAL AND
Page 9 and 10: ixLIST OF FIGURESFIGUREPage1 Locati
Page 11 and 12: xiFIGUREPage4.3 Tiny and segmented
Page 13 and 14: xiiiFIGUREPageB.31 Small glass bead
Page 15: 2Fig. 1. Location of the Uluburun s
Page 19 and 20: 6because beads found in archaeologi
Page 21 and 22: 8In the Aegean, beads of numerous m
Page 23 and 24: 10dowry lists of Mitanni princesses
Page 25 and 26: 12Faience beads were highly valued
Page 27 and 28: 14eye beads found in Mycenaean buri
Page 29 and 30: 16is based on Beck’s terminology
Page 31 and 32: 18Table 2.1. Categories of faience
Page 33 and 34: 20Inv. No. Lot 9463.bN16 LL4Beck No
Page 35 and 36: 22found in the tomb. 8Jewelry recov
Page 37 and 38: 24Fig. 2.3. Segmented faience beads
Page 39 and 40: 26The shipwreck yielded around 1,60
Page 41 and 42: 28Cogwheel BeadsInv. No. KW 2496L16
Page 43 and 44: 30Inv. No. KW 4568N18Beck No. XXIII
Page 45 and 46: 32Grain-of-Wheat BeadsThis bead typ
Page 47 and 48: 34Fig. 2.10. Grain-of-wheat variant
Page 49 and 50: 36The grain-of-wheat beads represen
Page 51 and 52: 38Biconical BeadsThe biconical faie
Page 53 and 54: 40remaining beads possess 17 gadroo
Page 55 and 56: 42Woolley’s type 17, spoked-wheel
Page 57 and 58: 44longer and fusiform rather than b
Page 59 and 60: 46example with all three features w
Page 61 and 62: 48gadrooned; their form is similar
Page 63 and 64: 50deteriorated, bead diameter is so
Page 65 and 66: 52Fig. 2.17. Concreted mass of smal
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54the Greek mainland, 151 Crete, 15
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56At least seven segmented glass be
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58Large Glass BeadsInv. No. KW 2673
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60Fig. 2.24. Large glass bead from
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62that of the matrix or bead body,
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64most often obscuring the beads’
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66their infrequency in Egypt, howev
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68The ship came to rest on a steep
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70Faience BeadsThe tiny faience bea
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72sharing a distinct concentration
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Fig. 3.5. Distribution of grain-of-
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76the distribution of plain cogwhee
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78Only five faience button beads we
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80are in close proximity, they diff
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82Conversely, the collared cogwheel
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84tomb were decorated with beads. 1
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86In some cases, the term faience h
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88variety of siliceous materials. M
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90glaze; the unmelted glazing powde
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92Although elaborate faience beads,
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94reconstructed as a three-sided gr
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96Fig. 4.2. Tiny segmented bead fro
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989271.a-c, figures in app. B). In
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100microscope; the surfaces of both
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102app. B) is seemingly unfinished,
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104end, possibly representing a loc
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106CHAPTER VGLASS: MATERIAL AND MAN
Page 121 and 122:
108Assyria, Canaan, and Akkadia. 11
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110B.C., and also occurs with agate
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112k{ing}, my {l}ord, 30 (pieces) o
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114Glass Bead ManufactureGlass work
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116the formation process for stone
Page 131 and 132:
118Manufacture of the Glass Beads F
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120Finally, as noted above, the per
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122spheroid, while the large glass
Page 137 and 138:
124then, that faience and glass, al
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126Blegen, C.W., and E.P. Blegen. 1
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128Engle, A. 1978. Ancient Glass in
Page 143 and 144:
130Lin, S.-H.S. 2003. “Lading of
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132Persson, A.W. 1931. The Royal To
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134Tufnell, O., C.H. Inge, and L. H
Page 149 and 150:
136APPENDIX AGLOSSARY OF TERMSAmygd
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138PerforationHole along the bead a
Page 153 and 154:
140APPENDIX BSAMPLE BEAD DIMENSIONS
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142Table B.1 ContinuedInv. No. Beck
Page 157 and 158:
Fig. B.2. Tiny faience beads KW 988
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Fig. B.4. Tiny faience beads Lot 10
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148Table B.2. Sample dimensions of
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Page 165 and 166:
Fig. B.7. Globular faience beads KW
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Fig. B.9. Globular faience beads Lo
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Page 171 and 172:
Page 173 and 174:
Fig. B.12. Cogwheel faience beads K
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Fig. B.14. Cogwheel faience beads K
Page 177 and 178:
Page 179 and 180:
Page 181 and 182:
Page 183 and 184:
Fig. B.17. Grain-of-wheat variant A
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Fig. B.19. Grain-of-wheat variant A
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Fig. B.21. Grain-of-wheat faience b
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176Table B.8 ContinuedMolded Face I
Page 191 and 192:
Fig. B.22. Biconical variant A faie
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Fig. B.24. Biconical faience beads,
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Fig. B.25. Grooved barrel faience b
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186Table B.13 ContinuedInv. No. Bec
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Fig. B.28. Small glass beads KW 148
Page 203 and 204:
Page 205 and 206:
Page 207 and 208:
Table B.14 ContinuedInv. No. Beck N
Page 209 and 210:
Fig. B.33. Large glass beads KW 148
Page 211 and 212:
Fig. B.35. Large glass beads Lot 98
Page 213 and 214:
Page 215 and 216:
Page 217 and 218:
Page 219 and 220:
206APPENDIX CESTIMATES OF BEADS IN
Page 221 and 222:
208As these beads approximate to sp
Page 223:
210VITARebecca Suzanne IngramDate o
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