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9woman; this collar is composed of multiple strands of beads with a large, pendulumshapedcounterpoise. 47The presence of glass and beadmaking factories at the royal cityof Amarna demonstrates a link between the palace and the production of beadedjewelry. 48Furthermore, some Egyptian tomb paintings show beaded necklaces amongthe gifts presented to the king by foreigners, confirming that beads were an element ofLate Bronze Age palatial gift exchange. 49Because costly and elaborate beaded jewelry “…could not be displayed on anyscale of magnificence except as the rewards of the king…”, 50 such jewelry wouldindicate favor with the king and thereby impart to the wearer a certain status. Usekhcollars were at times a royal reward, given by the pharaoh to courtiers or servants;Egyptian nobility mirrored this action, giving usekh collars to their servants as well as tothe pharaoh. 51A specific type of royal reward during the 18 th -22 nd Dynasties was theshebyu collar, given to both men and women for military or civil service. 52The shebyucollar is composed of multiple rows of gold disk beads, 53 although similar collars,possibly imitations, were made of faience. 54Beaded jewelry also indicated social status in western Asia, and governors orprinces of Susa characteristically wore necklaces composed of large beads. 55Beadswere also worn by elite women, as evidenced by the inclusion of strands of beads in the47 Andrews 1991, 185.48 Petrie 1974, 25-7.49 Davies 1933, 3-8, pls. IV-V; Davies 1935, pls. I, IV, V, XXII.50 Aldred 1971, 18.51 Wilkinson 1971, 7-9, 32-3.52 Wilkinson 1971, 9.53 Andrews 1991, 181.54 Wilkinson 1971, 108.55 Maxwell-Hyslop 1971, 95.
10dowry lists of Mitanni princesses. 56Middle-Assyrian graves of high-status individualsinclude numerous beads of semi-precious stones as well as glass and faience. 57At Ur,although both poor and rich graves contained beads, those beads in the rich graves areeasily distinguishable by their larger size, deep color, and high stone quality; gold beadswere also a signifier of wealth and were always combined with colorful stone beads. 58Beads are more prevalent in female graves at Ur, but nevertheless are present in highstatusmale burials at the site. 59As at Amarna, the remains of a jewelry workshop in association with theMycenaean palace at Thebes confirms a link between the palace and the production ofbeaded jewelry in the Aegean. 60Mycenaean relief-beads probably designated highsocial rank or office. 61In addition to adorning the dead, strands of beads were depositedalongside the deceased, such as the strands of glass and faience beads comprising part ofthe grave goods in Pit-Cave 66 at Knossos. 62Bead deposits in graves may imply highsocial rank, as at high-status graves at Mycenae or Dendra; however, they are alsopresent in the graves of commoners such as those at Prosymna, suggesting that the manybead finds may merely serve to differentiate an individual of any social rank. This isexemplified by a rare find of radially grooved biconical faience beads at Gurob in Egypt;this bead form is scarce in Egypt, and that the beads were found in association with56 Musche 1992, 163-7.57 Maxwell-Hyslop 1971, 173-4.58 Woolley and Burrows 1934, 370.59 Woolley and Burrows 1934, 366.60 Symeonoglou 1973, 72.61 Hughes-Brock 1999, 291.62 Evans 1906, 71-2.
Page 1 and 2: FAIENCE AND GLASS BEADS FROM THELAT
Page 3 and 4: iiiABSTRACTFaience and Glass Beads
Page 5 and 6: vACKNOWLEDGMENTSI wish to acknowled
Page 7 and 8: viiCHAPTERPageVGLASS: MATERIAL AND
Page 9 and 10: ixLIST OF FIGURESFIGUREPage1 Locati
Page 11 and 12: xiFIGUREPage4.3 Tiny and segmented
Page 13 and 14: xiiiFIGUREPageB.31 Small glass bead
Page 15 and 16: 2Fig. 1. Location of the Uluburun s
Page 17 and 18: 4Palestinian coast to a final desti
Page 19 and 20: 6because beads found in archaeologi
Page 21: 8In the Aegean, beads of numerous m
Page 25 and 26: 12Faience beads were highly valued
Page 27 and 28: 14eye beads found in Mycenaean buri
Page 29 and 30: 16is based on Beck’s terminology
Page 31 and 32: 18Table 2.1. Categories of faience
Page 33 and 34: 20Inv. No. Lot 9463.bN16 LL4Beck No
Page 35 and 36: 22found in the tomb. 8Jewelry recov
Page 37 and 38: 24Fig. 2.3. Segmented faience beads
Page 39 and 40: 26The shipwreck yielded around 1,60
Page 41 and 42: 28Cogwheel BeadsInv. No. KW 2496L16
Page 43 and 44: 30Inv. No. KW 4568N18Beck No. XXIII
Page 45 and 46: 32Grain-of-Wheat BeadsThis bead typ
Page 47 and 48: 34Fig. 2.10. Grain-of-wheat variant
Page 49 and 50: 36The grain-of-wheat beads represen
Page 51 and 52: 38Biconical BeadsThe biconical faie
Page 53 and 54: 40remaining beads possess 17 gadroo
Page 55 and 56: 42Woolley’s type 17, spoked-wheel
Page 57 and 58: 44longer and fusiform rather than b
Page 59 and 60: 46example with all three features w
Page 61 and 62: 48gadrooned; their form is similar
Page 63 and 64: 50deteriorated, bead diameter is so
Page 65 and 66: 52Fig. 2.17. Concreted mass of smal
Page 67 and 68: 54the Greek mainland, 151 Crete, 15
Page 69 and 70: 56At least seven segmented glass be
Page 71 and 72: 58Large Glass BeadsInv. No. KW 2673
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60Fig. 2.24. Large glass bead from
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62that of the matrix or bead body,
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64most often obscuring the beads’
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66their infrequency in Egypt, howev
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68The ship came to rest on a steep
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70Faience BeadsThe tiny faience bea
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72sharing a distinct concentration
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Fig. 3.5. Distribution of grain-of-
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76the distribution of plain cogwhee
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78Only five faience button beads we
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80are in close proximity, they diff
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82Conversely, the collared cogwheel
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84tomb were decorated with beads. 1
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86In some cases, the term faience h
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88variety of siliceous materials. M
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90glaze; the unmelted glazing powde
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92Although elaborate faience beads,
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94reconstructed as a three-sided gr
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96Fig. 4.2. Tiny segmented bead fro
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989271.a-c, figures in app. B). In
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100microscope; the surfaces of both
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102app. B) is seemingly unfinished,
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104end, possibly representing a loc
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106CHAPTER VGLASS: MATERIAL AND MAN
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108Assyria, Canaan, and Akkadia. 11
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110B.C., and also occurs with agate
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112k{ing}, my {l}ord, 30 (pieces) o
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114Glass Bead ManufactureGlass work
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116the formation process for stone
Page 131 and 132:
118Manufacture of the Glass Beads F
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120Finally, as noted above, the per
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122spheroid, while the large glass
Page 137 and 138:
124then, that faience and glass, al
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126Blegen, C.W., and E.P. Blegen. 1
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128Engle, A. 1978. Ancient Glass in
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130Lin, S.-H.S. 2003. “Lading of
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132Persson, A.W. 1931. The Royal To
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134Tufnell, O., C.H. Inge, and L. H
Page 149 and 150:
136APPENDIX AGLOSSARY OF TERMSAmygd
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138PerforationHole along the bead a
Page 153 and 154:
140APPENDIX BSAMPLE BEAD DIMENSIONS
Page 155 and 156:
142Table B.1 ContinuedInv. No. Beck
Page 157 and 158:
Fig. B.2. Tiny faience beads KW 988
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Fig. B.4. Tiny faience beads Lot 10
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148Table B.2. Sample dimensions of
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Page 165 and 166:
Fig. B.7. Globular faience beads KW
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Fig. B.9. Globular faience beads Lo
Page 169 and 170:
Page 171 and 172:
Page 173 and 174:
Fig. B.12. Cogwheel faience beads K
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Fig. B.14. Cogwheel faience beads K
Page 177 and 178:
Page 179 and 180:
Page 181 and 182:
Page 183 and 184:
Fig. B.17. Grain-of-wheat variant A
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Fig. B.19. Grain-of-wheat variant A
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Fig. B.21. Grain-of-wheat faience b
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176Table B.8 ContinuedMolded Face I
Page 191 and 192:
Fig. B.22. Biconical variant A faie
Page 193 and 194:
Fig. B.24. Biconical faience beads,
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Fig. B.25. Grooved barrel faience b
Page 197 and 198:
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186Table B.13 ContinuedInv. No. Bec
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Fig. B.28. Small glass beads KW 148
Page 203 and 204:
Page 205 and 206:
Page 207 and 208:
Table B.14 ContinuedInv. No. Beck N
Page 209 and 210:
Fig. B.33. Large glass beads KW 148
Page 211 and 212:
Fig. B.35. Large glass beads Lot 98
Page 213 and 214:
Page 215 and 216:
Page 217 and 218:
Page 219 and 220:
206APPENDIX CESTIMATES OF BEADS IN
Page 221 and 222:
208As these beads approximate to sp
Page 223:
210VITARebecca Suzanne IngramDate o
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