Changing Glaciers and Hydrology in Asia - Environmental Health at ...

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women and children who cook and heat their homes with biomass, and to urban dwellerswhere multiple sources contribute to high levels of air pollution (USAID Asia 2010; and seeFigure 5.1 on previous page). Thus, the vulnerability of poor health status can be reduced.Strong synergies can be realized from developing programs and projects that integrate ongoingresearch into the impacts of black carbon and other aerosol emissions (from indoor pollution toregional climate impacts) with health and glacier melt issues – i.e., partners should includeresearchers, government, health sector specialists, and technology developers. USAID’s SERVIR-Himalaya (to be located at ICIMOD) should be a partner. SERVIR enables the use of Earthobservations and predictive models; a focus of SERVIR-Himalaya is aerosol emissions and airquality.5.3.1 Focus on Reducing Emissions of Black Carbon and Other AerosolsUSAID can design programs to reduce emissions of black carbon and other aerosols, especiallyin urban areas and in all areas where biomass cooking is common. As sources include dust, openfires (such as forest fires), biomass burning for domestic cooking and heating, and industriessuch as brick kilns, needed programs will be largely integrated governance (policy andenforcement) and technological development and implementation (improved cook stoves,infrastructure such as street design, industrial energy sources, and control of open fires andwaste burning).Sectors AddressedSectors included are health and energy. Forestry, agriculture, and industrial sectors can also beaddressed, as the sources of black carbon and aerosols include forest fires, agriculture-relatedfires, and industries that emit black carbon and other aerosols.Illustrative ProgramsIllustrative programs with a focus on reducing emissions of black carbon and other aerosolsinclude the following:1. Establish weather/climate stations (including air pollution measurement for cities andalso glacier lake monitoring where relevant) in educational institutions that wouldreport data to the country-level Departments of Hydrology and Meteorology and tolocal radio stations for public dissemination (see also programs described in Section 5.1).2. Develop and implement policies to control industrial emission of aerosols, includingblack carbon, e.g., by requiring low-emitting technologies or control technologies, suchas less polluting brick kiln technologies; provide incentives that reward reduction ofblack carbon emissions.3. Promote the development of several types of advanced cook stoves, with priority placedon capturing emissions rather than exporting them to the outdoors. Previous work hasshown that adoption rates rise when communities realize the health impacts of black68
carbon on young children. Appropriate pricing and financing programs are essential tothe success of such a program.4. Promote the substitution of clean energy (e.g. biogas, solar lamps) for traditionalsources and clean energy sources for electricity as communities are provided access.Ensure local control of the technology and management rules, and provide financing forcommercially available technologies on a sustainable basis via micro-finance institutions.5. Design/redesign urban streets to control re-suspension of dust and dust emissions atconstruction sites.6. Strengthen enforcement of existing laws (or create new laws) banning the use of manmadefires for clearing crop lands and provide incentives that reward reduction of blackcarbon emissions.Outcomes/Co-BenefitsAlthough programs can be focused in different sectors, such as health, energy, and forestry, cobenefitswill include the following:Reduced deaths from respiratory diseases in young children and women associated withindoor air pollution.Reduced air pollution and associated health risks and productivity gains for national andlocal economies.Reduced fuel use from improved cook stoves and kilns; less time spent acquiringbiomass fuel.Improved glacier health.69
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Changing Glaciers and Hydrology in
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AcknowledgementsThe diversity of in
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NGOOFDAPAIREDDRH/FPRIMESRDMASPOT5SR
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elevation, retreats. Measuring the
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Potential for Cross-Sectoral, Multi
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7. More efficient, climate-change-r
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An outcome of this process was incr
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changing ecosystems and land-use pa
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SECTION 2GLACIERS AND HYDROLOGIC CH
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complex and time consuming, so only
Page 27 and 28: The World Glacier Monitoring Servic
Page 29 and 30: and a decrease in the summer/winter
Page 31 and 32: alance. Berthier et al. (2007) comp
Page 33 and 34: forcing (climate change) (Ramanatha
Page 35 and 36: contribution, compared to total run
Page 37: These concerns are mirrored in the
Page 40 and 41: Human health and ecosystem impacts
Page 42 and 43: Glaciers are also an important sour
Page 44 and 45: and China (Figure 3.13 on page28).
Page 46 and 47: Figure 3.13. Projections of water s
Page 48 and 49: uncertainties about water availabil
Page 50 and 51: River Basin) include southern Kazak
Page 52 and 53: in action and the Mekong River Comm
Page 54 and 55: exacerbate vulnerability on the gro
Page 56 and 57: Another major information gap in th
Page 59 and 60: SECTION 5APPROACHES TO ADDRESSING C
Page 61 and 62: is deposited on reflective glacier
Page 63 and 64: Central Asian Republics. Like the I
Page 65 and 66: and snow water equivalent) and sate
Page 67 and 68: serious food security problems in P
Page 69 and 70: Another dimension of water manageme
Page 71 and 72: increased attention to WASH interve
Page 73 and 74: development that predispose areas t
Page 75 and 76: Demographic and socioeconomic facto
Page 77: a. Strengthen the capacity of commu
Page 82 and 83: 4. Improved regional cooperation (t
Page 85 and 86: REFERENCESADB and IFPRI [Asian Deve
Page 87 and 88: IPCC [Intergovernmental Panel on Cl
Page 89 and 90: ased on Chinese Glacier Inventory a
Page 91: APPENDIX ATASK 2 DATABASEThe databa
Page 95 and 96: Current Work on Issues Related to G
Page 109: Appendix A.2Summary by Region
Page 119: Current Work on Issues Related to G
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