Napoleon's Egypt: Invading The Middle East - Reenactor.ru

252 NAPOLEON’S EGYPT12. François Bernoyer, Avec Bonaparte en Égypte et en Syrie, 1798–1800: Dix-neuf lettres inédits,ed. Christian Tortel (Abbeville: Les Presses Françaises, 1976), p. 20. Quotation cited belowis also from p. 20.13. Malcolm Crook, Toulon in War and Revolution (Manchester: Manchester University Press,1991).14. Jean-Joël Brégeon, L’Égypte française au jour le jour, 1798–1801 (Paris: Perrin, 1991), p. 97.15. Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Confessions of an Inquiring Spirit (New York: Cassell & Co., 1892),< http://ibiblio.org/gutenberg/etext01/cfinq10.txt>.16. Désiré Lacroix, Bonaparte en Egypte (1798–1799), (Paris: Garnier, 1899), pp. 43–44; RoderickCavaliero, The Last of the Crusaders: the Knights of St. John and Malta in the EighteenthCentury (London: Hollis & Carter, 1960), pp. 216–220.17. Napoléon I, Napoleon’s Memoirs, ed. Somerset de Chair (New York: Howard Fertig, 1988),p. 279.18. Napoléon, Corr. 4:155, no. 2665.19. The bibliography for the French expedition to Egypt is vast. Most of it is covered in DarrellDykstra, “The French Occupation of Egypt, 1798–1801,” in M. W. Daly, ed., The CambridgeHistory of Egypt, vol. 2: Modern Egypt, from 1517 to the End of the Twentieth Century (Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 1998), pp. 113–138. The major synthetic account in English remainsJ. Christopher Herold, Bonaparte in Egypt (New York: Harper & Row, 1962). Bonaparte’sEgypt campaign is told as military history in David G. Chandler, The Campaigns ofNapoleon (New York: Macmillan, 1966), pp. 212–245. In addition to the works listed by Dykstra,recent monographs include Henry Laurens et al., L’Expédition d’Égypte: 1798–1801 (Paris:A. Colin, 1989), André Raymond, Égyptiens et Français au Caire, 1798–1801 (Cairo: InstitutFrançais d’Archéologie Orientale, 1998); Patrice Bret, L’Égypte, au temps de l’expédition de Bonaparte:1798–1801 (Paris: Hachette littératures, 1998); Yves Laissus, L’Egypte, une aventure savante:avec Bonaparte, Kléber, Menou 1798–1801 (Paris: Fayard, 1998); and Jean-Jacques Luthi,Regard sur l’Égypte au temps de Bonaparte (Paris: Harmattan, 1999).20. Charles Maurice de Talleyrand, Essai sur les avantages à retirer de colonies nouvelles dans les circonstancesprésentes (Paris: Chez Baudouin, Imprimeur de l’Institut National, R. 5 [1797]);Carl Ludwig Lokke, “French Dreams of Colonial Empire Under Directory and Consulate,”Journal of Modern History 2, no. 2 (Jun. 1930), pp. 237–250; subsequent quotations of Talleyrand,Eschasseriaux, etc., are from this article unless otherwise noted. For a long view ofthe background to the invasion, see Henry Laurens, Les Origines intellectuelles de l’expéditiond’Égypte: L’Orientalisme Islamisant en France (1698–1798) (Istanbul and Paris: Editions Isis,1987).21. Vincent Confer, “French Colonial Ideas Before 1789,” French Historical Studies 3, no. 3(Spring, 1964), pp. 338–359; Michel Poniatowski, Talleyrand et le Directoire, 1796–1800(Paris: Librairie Académique Perrin, 1982), pp. 66–74.22. Bonaparte/Directory, 16 August 1797, in François Charles-Roux, Les Origines de l’expéditiond’Égypte (Paris: Librairie Plon, 1910), chap. 10; this quotation appears on p. 298. Subsequentparagraphs here are also based on Charles-Roux.23. Elements of this dossier survive in the papers of the man who became Bonaparte’s Arabic interpreter:Jean Michel Venture de Paradis, Papiers, Bibliothèque Nationale, Départementdes Manuscrits, 9135.24. Howard G. Brown, “Mythes et Massacres: Reconsidérer la ‘Terreur Directoriale,’” AnnalesHistoriques de la Révolution française, no. 325 (2001), pp. 23–52; this quotation appears on p.27. This and the next paragraph are indebted to Brown. For France in this period see IsserWoloch, Jacobin Legacy: The Democratic Movement Under the Directory (Princeton: PrincetonUniversity Press, 1970); Martyn Lyons, France Under the Directory (Cambridge: CambridgeUniversity Press, 1975); Jean Tulard, La France de la Révolution et de l’Empire (Paris: PressesUniversitaires de France, 1995); D. M. G. Sutherland, The French Revolution and Empire: TheQuest for a Civic Order (London: Blackwell, 2003).25. André François Miot de Melito, Mémoires du comte Miot de Melito, ancien ministre, ambassadeur,conseiller d’état et membre de l’Institut, 3 vols. (Paris, Michel Lévy Frères, 1858), 1: 163;cited in Alan Schom, Napoleon Bonaparte (New York: Harper Perennial, 1998), pp. 64–67.