NOTES2656. See Mona Ozouf, La fête révolutionnaire, 1789–1799 (Paris: Gallimard, 1976); tr. Alan Sheridan,Festivals and the French Revolution (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1988).7. Lynn Hunt, Politics, Culture and Class in the French Revolution (Berkeley: University of CaliforniaPress, 1984), pp. 19–20.8. Sources for Festival of the Republic: La Jonquière, 2:22–29; Say/de Boissy, pp. 141–149;Nicolas-Philibert Desvernois, Mémoires du Général Baron Desvernois, ed. Albert Dufourcq(Paris: Plon, 1898), pp. 138–140; Moiret, pp. 64–65; Charles Norry, An Account of the FrenchExpedition to <strong>Egypt</strong>: Comprehending a View of the Country of Lower <strong>Egypt</strong>, Its Cities, Monuments,and Inhabitants, at the Time of the Arrival of the French; . . . Translated from the French (London,1800), pp. 26–27, Eighteenth Century Collections Online. Gale Group. , p. 19; François Bernoyer, AvecBonaparte en Égypte et en Syrie, 1798–1800: Dix-neuf lettres inédits, ed. Christian Tortel(Abbeville: Les Presses françaises, 1976), pp. 79–80; Étienne-Louis Malus, L’Agenda deMalus: Souvenirs de l’expédition d’Égypte, 1798–1801, ed. Gen. Thoumas (Paris: HonoréChampion, 1892), pp. 92–93; Niello Sargy, 1:176–177; Prosper Jollois, Journal d’un ingénieurattaché a l’expédition d’Égypte, 1798–1802 (Paris: Ernest Leroux, 1904), pp. 61–62;Pierre de Pelleport, Souvenirs militaires et intimes (Paris: Didier & Co., 1857), pp. 130–131;Édouard de Villiers du Terrage, Journal et souvenirs de l’expédition de l’Égypte (1798–1801)(Paris: Librairie Plon, 1799), p. 76; Henry Laurens et al., L’Expédition d’Égypte: 1798–1801(Paris: A. Colin, 1989), pp. 120–121, J. Christopher Herold, Bonaparte in <strong>Egypt</strong> (New York:Harper and Row, 1962), pp. 153–155; for commemorative pyramids in revolutionaryFrance, see Arthur Maxime Chuquet, L’École de Mars, 1794 (Paris: E. Plon, Nourrit, 1899),p. 195.9. Joseph F. Byrnes, “Celebration of the Revolutionary Festivals Under the Directory: A Failureof Sacrality,” Church History 63, no. 2 (June 1994): 201–220.10. Bonaparte, Corr., 5:1, no. 3365.11. Say/de Boissy, p. 142.12. Robespierre in Hunt, Politics, p. 46.13. Say/de Boissy, p. 139.14. Ibid., pp. 166–167.15. Ibid., p. 107. I see this passage as an addition by Laus de Boissy because it displays knowledgeof debates in France after the expedition landed in <strong>Egypt</strong>, something which HoraceSay would have had difficulty knowing.16. Lynn Hunt, <strong>The</strong> Family Romance of the French Revolution (Berkeley and Los Angeles: Universityof California Press, 1992).17. Bernoyer, pp. 85–86.18. Sarah C. Maza, Private Lives and Public Affairs: <strong>The</strong> Causes Célèbres of Prerevolutionary France(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993), pp. 279–280.19. Darcy Grimaldo Grigsby, “Rumor, Contagion, and Colonization in Gros’s Plague-Strickenof Jaffa (1804),” Representations no. 51 (Summer, 1995), pp. 1–46.20. Bernoyer, p. 86.21. Hunt, Politics, p. 28.22. Gen. Jean-Pierre Doguereau, Journal de l’expédition d’<strong>Egypt</strong>e, ed. C. de la Jonquière (Paris:Perrin et Cie., 1904), pp. 69–70.23. Ibid., pp. 70–77; see also, Louis Frank, “Mémoire sur le commerce des nègres au Kaire, etsur les maladies auxquelles ils son sujets en arrivant,” trans. Michel Le Gall, in Shaun E.Marmon, ed., Slavery in the Islamic <strong>Middle</strong> <strong>East</strong> (Princeton, N.J.: Markus Wiener, 1999), pp.69–88; and Patrice Bret, L’Égypte au temps de l’expédition de Bonaparte, 1798–1801 (Paris: HachetteLittératures, 1998), pp. 132–138.24. Etienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, Lettres d’Égypte, 1798–1801 (Paris: Paleo, 2000), p. 81; theremark below about the harem of Sheikh al-Fayyumi is on p. 117.25. Admiral Perée/La Jolle, July 28, 1798 in Copies of Original Letters from the Army of GeneralBonaparte in <strong>Egypt</strong>, Intercepted by the Fleet under the Command of Admiral Lord Nelson. Partthe first. With an English translation. (London, 1798, 9th ed.), p. 121. Eighteenth Century
266 NAPOLEON’S EGYPTCollections Online. Gale Group. .26. Niello Sargy, 1:193–195.27. This escapade is covered in Bernoyer, pp. 98–101.28. For the Sudan-<strong>Egypt</strong> slave trade in this period see Terence Walz, Trade Between <strong>Egypt</strong> andBilad as-Sudan, 1700–1820 (Cairo: Institut Français d’Archéologie Orientale du Caire,1978); for the medieval background, see Ahmad Abd ar-Raziq, La femme au temps des mamlouksen Égypte (Cairo: Institut Français d’Archéologie Orientale, 1973), pp. 49–57.29. Bernoyer, p. 99.30. Napoléon Bonaparte, Campagnes d’Égypte et de Syrie, ed. Henry Laurens (Paris: ImprimerieNationale, 1998), p. 153.31. Doguereau, pp. 70–7732. Niello Sargy, 1:218–19.33. Sue Peabody, <strong>The</strong>re Are No Slaves in France (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996).34. Claudine Hunting, “<strong>The</strong> Philosophes and Black Slavery: 1748–1765,” Journal of the Historyof Ideas 39, no. 3 (Jul.-Sep., 1978), pp. 405–418; the quotations are on p. 411.35. Yves Benot, Les Lumières, l’esclavage, la colonisation (Paris: Éditions de la Découverte,2005), pp. 252–263; Jean-Daniel Piquet, “Robespierre et la liberté des noirs en l’an II,”Annales historiques de la Révolution français 323 (2001): 69–91; Arthur L. Stinchcombe,Sugar Island Slavery in the Age of Enlightenment: <strong>The</strong> Political Economy of the Caribbean World(Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1995); Laurent Dubois, Avengers of the NewWorld: <strong>The</strong> Story of the Haitian Revolution (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press,2004).CHAPTER 101. Pierre-Louis Cailleux in Antoine Bonnefons et al., Souvenirs et cahiers sur la campagne d’<strong>Egypt</strong>e(Paris: Librairie Historique F. Teissedre, 1997), p. 100.2. Charles François, Journal du Capitaine François (dit le Dromadaire d’<strong>Egypt</strong>e), 1792–1830, ed.Charles Grolleau, 2 vols. (Paris: Charles Carrington, 1903–1904), 1: 228–229.3. Murat/Bonaparte, 10 Vendémiaire 7 (October 1, 1798), in Jean-François Massie, FrançoisLanusse, General de Division, 1772–1801 (Pau: Imprimerie graphique Marrimpouey successeurs,1986), pp. 124–125.4. Fugière/Bonaparte, 6 Oct. 1798 and 10 Oct. 1798, in Clément de la Jonquière, L’Expéditiond’Égypte 1798–1801, 5 vols. (Paris: H. Charles-Lavauzelle, 1899–1906), 2:291–293;Napoléon Bonaparte, Correspondence de Napoléon Ier, 34 vols. (Paris: H. Plon, J. Dumaine,1858–1870), 5:66–67, no. 3484.5. Edward B. Reeves, “Power, Resistance and the Cult of Muslim Saints in a Northern <strong>Egypt</strong>ianTown,” American Ethnologist 22, no. 2 (1995): 306–323.6. Abd al-Rahman al-Jabarti, ‘Aja’ib al-athar fi al-tarajim wa al-akhbar, 4 vols. (Bulaq: al-Matba’ah al-Amiriya, 1322/1904, 2nd ed.), 3:21.7. Louis Thurman, Bonaparte en Égypte: Souvenirs Publiés (Paris: Émile Paul, 1902), pp. 52–53.8. Niqula al-Turk, Dhikr Tamalluk Jumhur al-Firansawiyyah al-Aqtar al-Misriyyah wa al-Biladal-Shamiyyah, ed. Yasin Suwayd (Bei<strong>ru</strong>t, al-Farabi, 1990), p. 59; cf. André Raymond, Égyptienset Français au Caire, 1798–1801 (Cairo: Institut Français d’Archéologie Orientale,1998), pp. 110–113.9. Napoléon Bonaparte, Campagnes d’Égypte et de Syrie, ed. Henry Laurens (Paris: ImprimerieNationale, 1998), p. 151.10. ‘Abd al-Rahman al-Jabarti, Muzhir al-taqdis bi dhihab dawlat al-faransis (Cairo: Matba’at al-Risalah, 1969), pp. 57–59; idem, Ta’rikh Muddat al-faransis bi misr, ed. Abd al-Rahim A. Abdal-Rahim (Cairo: Dar al-Kitab al-Jami’i, 2000), pp. 83–89; idem, Napoleon in <strong>Egypt</strong>: Al-Jabarti’s Chronicle of the French Occupation, 1798, trans. Shmuel Moreh (Princeton and NewYork: Markus Wiener Publishing, 1995), 54–59.11. Napoléon, Corr., 4:470–471, no. 3248; Turk, p. 59.
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Napoleon’s EgyptINVADING THE MIDD
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Napoleon’s EgyptINVADING THE MIDD
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CONTENTSMap of EgyptList of Illustr
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Map by Arman H. Cole
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTSNapoleon’s Egypt c
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTSxiBrettne Bloom and
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Napoleon’s EgyptINVADING THE MIDD
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1THE GENIUS OF LIBERTYThe top-secre
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THE GENIUS OF LIBERTY3the Continent
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THE GENIUS OF LIBERTY5in the mounta
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THE GENIUS OF LIBERTY7The quarterma
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THE GENIUS OF LIBERTY9would take a
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THE GENIUS OF LIBERTY11Egypt, where
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THE GENIUS OF LIBERTY13Throughout t
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THE GENIUS OF LIBERTY15Revolution i
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THE GENIUS OF LIBERTY17That April,
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THE GENIUS OF LIBERTY19course, the
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2A SKY AFLAMEThe patrician Vice Adm
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A SKY AFLAME23Bernoyer reported tha
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A SKY AFLAME25defeat, but this defi
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A SKY AFLAME27horse. Moiret, and th
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A SKY AFLAME29about Cleopatras. To
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A SKY AFLAME31vocabulary. The procl
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A SKY AFLAME33fore and killed him,
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A SKY AFLAME35out a governor or vic
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A SKY AFLAME37most elegantly explai
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A SKY AFLAME39Damanhur. “In five
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A SKY AFLAME41Adj. Gen. Augustin-Da
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A SKY AFLAME43his journal for 11 Ju
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3THE FERMENT OF THE MINDThe French
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THE FERMENT OF THE MIND47with this
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THE FERMENT OF THE MIND49saw Ottoma
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THE FERMENT OF THE MIND51so as to e
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THE FERMENT OF THE MIND53carbine (a
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THE FERMENT OF THE MIND55governors
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THE FERMENT OF THE MIND57consistent
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THE FERMENT OF THE MIND59were gathe
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THE FERMENT OF THE MIND61shown the
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THE FERMENT OF THE MIND63Shum, 1,80
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4GRAND CAIROHungry, thirsty, and ex
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GRAND CAIRO67ranks, the opposing ca
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GRAND CAIRO69Moreover, French artil
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GRAND CAIRO71enty-five city quarter
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GRAND CAIRO73Bonaparte had Cairo, a
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GRAND CAIRO75ment, and received for
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GRAND CAIRO77the latest in a long l
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GRAND CAIRO79tians had a superstiti
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GRAND CAIRO81nate curiosity; they s
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GRAND CAIRO83Desvernois observed of
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THE FLIGHT OF IBRAHIM BEY87hands.
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THE FLIGHT OF IBRAHIM BEY89vations
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THE FLIGHT OF IBRAHIM BEY95interced
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THE FLIGHT OF IBRAHIM BEY97even tho
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THE FLIGHT OF IBRAHIM BEY99his trea
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THE FLIGHT OF IBRAHIM BEY101Bonapar
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THE FLIGHT OF IBRAHIM BEY103“Many
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THE FLIGHT OF IBRAHIM BEY105Bonapar
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6THE MOST BEAUTIFUL NILETHAT HAS EV
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7ALI BONAPARTEAlthough he was being
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ALI BONAPARTE125When evening fell,
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ALI BONAPARTE127posed to the infide
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ALI BONAPARTE129Muslims who drank w
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ALI BONAPARTE131forces sufficient t
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ALI BONAPARTE133that “the politic
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ALI BONAPARTE135Menou wrote in Octo
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ALI BONAPARTE137her as often as pos
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ALI BONAPARTE139bride, with “‘A
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ALI BONAPARTE141volved what to them
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144 NAPOLEON’S EGYPThundred Bedou
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146 NAPOLEON’S EGYPTscientists an
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148 NAPOLEON’S EGYPTDetroye saw o
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150 NAPOLEON’S EGYPTThe commander
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152 NAPOLEON’S EGYPTbut also in I
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154 NAPOLEON’S EGYPTlight artille
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156 NAPOLEON’S EGYPTreforming, li
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158 NAPOLEON’S EGYPTdistrict, but
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160 NAPOLEON’S EGYPTfollow regula
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162 NAPOLEON’S EGYPTThe lake peop
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164 NAPOLEON’S EGYPTGeneral Vial
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166 NAPOLEON’S EGYPTThe French ex
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168 NAPOLEON’S EGYPTrevolutionary
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170 NAPOLEON’S EGYPTmillion citiz
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172 NAPOLEON’S EGYPTnew Egypt for
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174 NAPOLEON’S EGYPTfor republica
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176 NAPOLEON’S EGYPTDoguereau des
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178 NAPOLEON’S EGYPTLater he happ
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180 NAPOLEON’S EGYPTFrench slave
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182 NAPOLEON’S EGYPTTheir nervous
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184 NAPOLEON’S EGYPTits saint ins
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186 NAPOLEON’S EGYPTfanatical”
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188 NAPOLEON’S EGYPThowever, this
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190 NAPOLEON’S EGYPTand a cape of
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192 NAPOLEON’S EGYPTWives of comm
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194 NAPOLEON’S EGYPTpersuaded to
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196 NAPOLEON’S EGYPTmistress migh
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198 NAPOLEON’S EGYPTalong major t
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200 NAPOLEON’S EGYPTthe chief jus
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202 NAPOLEON’S EGYPTammunition fr
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204 NAPOLEON’S EGYPTnear the Gran
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206 NAPOLEON’S EGYPTto see Bonapa
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208 NAPOLEON’S EGYPTwere threaten
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210 NAPOLEON’S EGYPTHe was hit by
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212 NAPOLEON’S EGYPTThe morning o
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