NOTES263and Social Change: Why <strong>The</strong>re Was No <strong>Middle</strong>-Class Consciousness in PrerevolutionaryFrance,” Journal of Modern History 69, no. 2. (June 1997), pp. 199–229, esp. 224–228; SusanMaslan, Revolutionary Acts: <strong>The</strong>ater, Democracy, and the French Revolution (Baltimore: JohnsHopkins University Press, 2005); Cyrole Triolaire, “Contrôle Social et arts du spectacle enprovince pendant le consulat et l’empire: L’exemple du Puy-de-Dôme,” Annales historiquesde la Révolution française 333 (2003), pp. 45–66, quotation on p. 47; Bonaparte/Tallien, 16Vendémiaire 7 (7 October 1798), in Émile Brouwet, ed., Napoléon et son Temps: Catalogue delettres autographes, de documents et de souvenirs napoléoniens faisant partie de la collection de m.Émile Brouwet; troisième partie (London: Sotheby, 1936), p. 3; François Bernoyer, Avec Bonaparteen Égypte et en Syrie, 1798–1800: Dix-neuf lettres inédits, ed. Christian Tortel (Abbeville:Les Presses françaises, 1976), p. 93; Etienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, Lettres d’Égypte,1798–1801 (Paris: Paleo, 2000), p. 103.9. Say/de Boissy, p. 161; see also Edmond et Jules de Goncourt, La Femme au dix-huitième siècle(Paris: G. Charpentier, 1877), pp. 74–75, at ; Louis Laus de Boissy, La Vraie Republicaine (Paris: De l’Imprimerie de Cailleau,1794); Eugène Jauffret, Le Théâtre revolutionnaire (1788–1799) (Paris: Furne, Jouvet et Cie.,1869), pp. 296–297.10. Say/de Boissy, pp. 118–120; cf. for women’s use of Arabic poetry in self-expression, LilaAbu-Lughod, Veiled Sentiments: Honor and Poetry in a Bedouin Society (Berkeley: University ofCalifornia Press, 1986).11. Robert Darnton, <strong>The</strong> Forbidden Bestsellers of Prerevolutionary France (New York: Norton,1996); Lynn Hunt, ed., <strong>The</strong> Invention of Pornography: Obscenity and the Origins of Pornography,1500–1800 (New York: Zone Books, 1993); Christie McDonald, “Changing Stakes:Pornography, Privacy, and the Perils of Democracy,” Yale French Studies 100 (2001), pp.88–115.12. Jean-Gabriel de Niello Sargy, d’Égypte, vol. 1 of M. Alph. de Beauchamp, ed., Mémoires secretset inédits pour servir à l’histoire contemporaine, 2 vols. (Paris: Vernarel et Tenon, 1825),1:335–338.13. Prosper Jollois, Journal d’un ingénieur attaché a l’expédition d’Égypte, 1798–1802 (Paris:Ernest Leroux, 1904), p. 49; Édouard de Villiers du Terrage, Journal et souvenirs de l’expéditionde l’Égypte (1798–1801) (Paris: Librairie Plon, 1799), p. 58; Say/de Boissy, p. 147;Niqula al-Turk, Dhikr Tamalluk Jumhur al-Firansawiyyah al-Aqtar al-Misriyyah wa al-Biladal-Shamiyyah, ed. Yasin Suwayd (Bei<strong>ru</strong>t, al-Farabi, 1990), p. 27; Henry Laurens et al., L’Expéditiond’Égypte: 1798–1801 (Paris: A. Colin, 1989), p. 114; for French debates on the cockadeduring the Directory, see Jennifer Heuer, “Hats On for the Nation! Women, Servants,Soldiers and the ‘Sign of the French,’” French History 16, no. 1 (2002) pp. 28–52.14. ‘Abd al-Rahman al-Jabarti, Muzhir al-taqdis bi dhihab dawlat al-faransis (Cairo: Matba’at al-Risalah, 1969), pp. 59–60; ‘Abd al-Rahman Al-Jabarti, Ta’rikh Muddat al-faransis bi misr, ed.Abd al-Rahim A. Abd al-Rahim (Cairo: Dar al-Kitab al-Jami’i, 2000), pp. 91–92; idem,Napoleon in <strong>Egypt</strong>: Al-Jabarti’s Chronicle of the French Occupation, 1798, trans. Shmuel Moreh(Princeton and New York: Markus Wiener Publishing, 1995, pp. 59–60; idem.,’Aja’ib alatharfi al-tarajim wa al-akhbar, 4 vols. (Bulaq: al-Matba’ah al-Amiriya, 1322/1904, 2nd ed.),3:16–17.15. Say/de Boissy, p. 148.16. Wajda Sendesni, Regard de l’historiographie Ottomane sur la révolution française et l’expéditiond’Égypte: Tarih-i Cevdet (Istanbul: Les Editions Isis, 2003), pp. 79–117, this point on p. 85.For Ottoman-French diplomatic relations in this period, see Ismail Soysal, Fransiz ihtilali veTürk-Fransiz Diplomasi Münasebetleri (1789–1802) (Ankara: Türk Tarih Ku<strong>ru</strong>mu Basimevi,1987), esp. chapters 14–15 for the period of this book. For the background, see Fatma MügeGöçek, <strong>East</strong> Encounters West: France and the Ottoman Empire in the Eighteenth Century (Oxford:Oxford University Press, 1987); Henry Laurens et al., L’Expédition d’Égypte: 1798–1801 (Paris: A. Colin, 1989), p. 132–141.17. Stanford J. Shaw, Between Old and New: <strong>The</strong> Ottoman Empire Under Sultan Selim III,1789–1807 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1971), p. 147; subsequent quotationon p. 148.
264 NAPOLEON’S EGYPT18. Alan Schom, Napoleon Bonaparte (New York: Harper Perennial, 1998), pp. 26–27; cf. LouisAntoine Fauvelet de Bourrienne, Memoirs of Napoleon Bonaparte, ed. R. W. Phipps, 4 vols.(New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1892), pp. 28 – 37.19. Michel Poniatowski, Talleyrand et le Directoire, 1796–1800 (Paris: Librairie Académique Perrin,1982), pp. 432–434, 454–456.20. Shaw, Between Old and New, pp. 255–257; Soysal, Fransiz ihtilali, pp. 208–254.21. Correspondence of Ruffin cited in this and following paragraphs is Ruffin/Talleyrand, 14<strong>The</strong>rmidor 6 (1 August 1798); and Ruffin/Talleyrand, 23 <strong>The</strong>rmidor 6 (10 August 1798), inLa Jonquière, 2:600–609; see also Soysal, Fransiz Ihtilali, p. 241.22. Bonaparte/Grand Vizir, 5 F<strong>ru</strong>ctidor 6 (22 August 1798), in Napoléon, Corr. 4:379, no. 3076.23. Shaw, Between Old and New, pp. 263–265; Soysal, Fransiz Ihtilali, pp. 243–44; Izzet HasanEfendi Darendeli, al-Hamlah al-Firansiyyah ‘ala Misr fi Daw’ Makhtut ‘Uthmani, trans. JamalSa’id ‘Abd al-Ghani (Cairo: al-Hay’ah al-Misriyyah al-’Ammah li’l-Kitab, 1999), pp. 182–183, 188–195.24. Soysal, Fransiz Ihtilali, p. 244; La Jonquière, 2:233–23525. Imperial Firman, ca. 1 September 1798, in Joseph Kabrda, Quelques firmans concernant les relationsFranco-Turques lors de l’expédition de Bonaparte en Égypte (1798–1799) (Paris: ImprimerieNationale, 1947), Ottoman text, p. 6; Kabrda’s translation on pp. 74–78; Rudolph Peters,Islam and Colonialism: <strong>The</strong> Doctrine of Jihad in Modern History (<strong>The</strong> Hague; New York: Mouton,1979).26. Darendeli, al-Hamlah, pp. 177–182; Kevin McCranie, “<strong>The</strong> Operations and Effectiveness ofthe Ottoman Navy During Napoleon’s Invasion of <strong>Egypt</strong>, 1798–1801,” in Aryeh Shmuelevitz,ed., Napoleon and the French in <strong>Egypt</strong> and the Holy Land, 1798–1801 (Istanbul: Isis Press,2002), pp. 155–164; this period, pp. 155–158.27. Al-Jabarti, ‘Aja’ib, 3:18–21; Niello Sargy, 1:184.28. “Firman du Grand Vizir,” in Joseph-Marie Moiret, Mémoires sur l’expédition d’Égypt (Paris:Pierre Belfond, 1984), pp. 74–76.29. Abdullah al-Sharqawi, Tuhfat al-Nazirin fiman waliya Misr min al-Muluk wa al-Salatin, ed.Rihab Abd al-Hamid al-Qari (Cairo: Madbuli, 1996), pp. 122–123.30. For ulema culture and sciences in the eighteenth century, see Peter Gran, <strong>The</strong> Islamic Roots ofCapitalism: <strong>Egypt</strong>, 1760–1840 (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1979).31. Nicolas-Philibert Desvernois, Mémoires du Général Baron Desvernois, ed. Albert Dufourcq(Paris: Plon, 1898), p. 142.CHAPTER 91. Jean-Gabriel de Niello Sargy’s detailed account of the fighting in the Manzala district is inD’Égypte, vol. 1 of M. Alph. de Beauchamp, ed., Mémoires secrets et inédits pour servir à l’histoirecontemporaine, 2 vols. (Paris: Vernarel et Tenon, 1825), 1:148–174; see also Niqula al-Turk, Dhikr Tamalluk Jumhur al-Firansawiyyah al-Aqtar al-Misriyyah wa al-Biladal-Shamiyyah, ed. Yasin Suwayd (Bei<strong>ru</strong>t: al-Farabi, 1990), 52–54; Pierre-François Gerbaud,Le Capitaine Gerbaud, 1773–1799, ed. Maxime Mangerel (Paris: Plon, 1910), pp. 250–252;Jean-Honoré Horace Say with Louis Laus de Boissy, Bonaparte au Caire (Paris: Prault, 7 R.[1799]), pp. 140–141; Joseph-Marie Moiret, Mémoires sur l’expédition d’Égypt (Paris: PierreBelfond, 1984), pp. 73–74; Pierre Millet, Souvenirs de la campagne d’Égypte (1798–1801), ed.Stanislas Millet (Paris: Emile-Paul, 1903), pp. 57–60; Clément de la Jonquière, L’Expéditiond’Égypte 1798–1801, 5 vols. (Paris: H. Charles-Lavauzelle, 1899–1906), 2: 129–191; HenryLaurens et al., L’Expédition d’Égypte: 1798–1801 (Paris: A. Colin, 1989), pp. 125–126.2. Gerbaud, p. 246; Millet, p. 61.3. Millet, pp. 57–59; Gerbaud, p. 250.4. Napoléon Bonaparte, Correspondence de Napoléon Ier, 34 vols. (Paris: H. Plon, J. Dumaine,1858–1870), 5:5–6, no. 3374.5. Daniel Bates, “<strong>The</strong> Role of the State in Peasant-Nomad Mutualism,” Anthropological Quarterly44, no. 3 (July 1971): 109–131.
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Napoleon’s EgyptINVADING THE MIDD
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Napoleon’s EgyptINVADING THE MIDD
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CONTENTSMap of EgyptList of Illustr
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Map by Arman H. Cole
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTSNapoleon’s Egypt c
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTSxiBrettne Bloom and
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Napoleon’s EgyptINVADING THE MIDD
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1THE GENIUS OF LIBERTYThe top-secre
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THE GENIUS OF LIBERTY3the Continent
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THE GENIUS OF LIBERTY5in the mounta
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THE GENIUS OF LIBERTY7The quarterma
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THE GENIUS OF LIBERTY9would take a
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THE GENIUS OF LIBERTY11Egypt, where
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THE GENIUS OF LIBERTY13Throughout t
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THE GENIUS OF LIBERTY15Revolution i
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THE GENIUS OF LIBERTY17That April,
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THE GENIUS OF LIBERTY19course, the
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2A SKY AFLAMEThe patrician Vice Adm
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A SKY AFLAME23Bernoyer reported tha
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A SKY AFLAME25defeat, but this defi
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A SKY AFLAME27horse. Moiret, and th
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A SKY AFLAME43his journal for 11 Ju
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7ALI BONAPARTEAlthough he was being
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166 NAPOLEON’S EGYPTThe French ex
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182 NAPOLEON’S EGYPTTheir nervous
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186 NAPOLEON’S EGYPTfanatical”
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