THE SOCIALLY EXCLUDEDCHAPTER 3Box 14: Prison SMART programme of the association Art of LivingThe Art of Living Foundation is a non-profit educational organisation established in the USA, withbranches in 154 countries that became active in <strong>Croatia</strong> in 1995 under the name “Umijeće življenja” (“Artof Living”). The main activities of the Foundation are stress management workshops where participantsare instructed on how to cope with stress through breathing techniques, physical exercise, and cognitiveand group processes.The Prison SMART Programme is a Foundation project for inmates, launched world-wide in 1992. Ithelps inmates further their personal rehabilitation, working on issues they may have with violenceor dep<strong>end</strong>ency, and it teaches them to accept responsibility for their past and future behaviour. Theprogramme deals with all segments of personal life, and it teaches participants to find solutions fromwithin.The programme in <strong>Croatia</strong> began in 2002 with the approval from the Ministry of Justice. A total of 52inmates and 60 detention centre employees took part in the initial workshops. The current goal is toinclude as many inmates and employees in the programme as possible in order to prevent and disruptany feelings of social isolation. It is possible during the period of imprisonment to provoke deep-rootedchanges in the value systems of most inmates. Staff members should understand and support inmatesin these efforts. Participating in this programme will ease the reintegration of inmates back into societyonce they have completed their sentence. After the workshop, participants express their experiences:“I am 30 years old, and I have been everywhere, but for the first time I am calm and full of positive energy,despite the fact that I am here, in prison. Until now, I would always feel uncomfortable in front of otherpeople, I was afraid lest I should say something stupid, so that other people would laugh at me, but now I donot care. I do not care anymore if people will accept me for what I am or not, because I have accepted myself.”(Mihovil)“Today I can say that I am ready to accept things for what they are. Before I would always try to speed thingsup and that was my problem.” (Anto)“I have changed, everybody has noticed. There is much more love in me now than before and I no longer payattention to things that used to irritate me. If I had only known all this before, I would definitely not be heretoday. I have to point out something very important. I used to stutter all my life, but after the workshop Istopped. Today, two years after the course, I still do not stutter as much as I used to. Several times I was on thebrink of a physical conflict with other inmates, but thanks to my focus, I managed to reduce the argument tothe verbal level, and even to smooth things out.” (Dalibor)Observation by the director of the Penitentiary: “If there are ten people who are willing to att<strong>end</strong> theworkshop, we allow it, because after the workshop they are full of positive energy. If they manage to transmitthe energy to at least one of their cell-mates, that is twenty inmates who think positively. That makes thingseasier for us, and that is why we shall do our best to encourage people to join in. I am glad that the inmateshave also recognised the benefits and that they also encourage other inmates to att<strong>end</strong> the workshop”.(Stjepan Loparić)sub-groups – the mentally unstable, those who arephysically weaker, those lacking in mental fortitude,alcoholics, substance abusers, perpetrators of criminalacts against sexual freedom and morality, etc. Specialattention should also be paid to minors, and femaleinmates. In the case of minors - who find themselvesin the unfavourable conditions imposed by prisonduring a crucial time in their emotional and physical89
CHAPTER 3THE SOCIALLY EXCLUDED90development - personal treatment should focus oneducation, maintenance and development of familyties, and assistance in personal development.Globally, female inmates represent the minority inprison populations, and since systems of governanceare designed to accommodate the majority, manyaspects of the prison system are tailored towardsthe needs of men. In <strong>Croatia</strong>, women serve their sentencesseparately from men, and on December 31,2005, women accounted for only 2.32% of the totalnumber of inmates in the country. Given the centralrole that women play in society and family, theirsegregation from their community while in prisoncan have a substantial impact on the functioning ofthe family. Special attention should also be paid topregnant women, young children who can stay withtheir mothers in the penitentiary until they reachthree years of age, and young children who stay withtheir families. Otherwise, after their mothers go toprison, many children will be taken in by social welfareinstitutions.3.9.2 Access to HealthcareHealth services are well addressed in prison, dueto the increased risk of harmful consequences onthe physical and mental health of inmates broughton by the conditions of the prison. Also, the movementof large groups of people in confined spacesnecessitates that special attention be paid to theprevention and spread of infectious diseases. Giventhe varying characteristics of the prison population, arange of special programmes for inmates have be<strong>end</strong>esigned to target the needs of each group. To date,programmes have been implemented for inmateswho have problems with substance abuse, thosesuffering from Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD),traffic off<strong>end</strong>ers, and a pilot project for inmates whocommitted sex crimes.The participation of inmates in medical and/or othertrials is not permitted. Inmates cannot be forced toreceive treatment even if such treatment is recomm<strong>end</strong>edon medical grounds, except in the case ofinfectious diseases which may spread to the rest ofthe prison population. The most significant differencebetween the healthcare received by the publicand that available to inmates is that inmates cannotchoose their general practitioner and dentist.Medical examinations for inmates are mandatory atadmission, discharge, and before any solitary confinement.At the time of admission, inmates are examinedto verify their health, to ensure they are free of anycontagious diseases, and to determine if any specificmedical measures are necessary to maintain or restoretheir health. Typically, the first few months of a prisonsentence can be the most stressful and present thegreatest risks to inmates’ health. During this period ofadjustment the risk of suicide increases, necessitatingclose supervision of newly-arrived inmates.If a prosthetic or other device is required, it is theprison medical staff doctor who must place theorders, in accordance with public health regulations.The inmate may be requested to share the cost forthe device, relative to their financial capacity and theduration of their sentence. If the inmate has no financialresources, the cost of the device is charged to theprison or penitentiary. If an inmate requests consultationwith a specialist, they must seek a referral fromthe prison medical staff. If a referral is not granted, theinmate may still meet with the specialist, however ifthe specialist deems the examination medically unnecessary,then the cost of the visit will be borne bythe inmate.Regarding the health protection of women, theavailability of gynaecologists is considered to bepart of primary health protection. Pregnant womenwho are incarcerated have access to the same levelof health protection as those outside the prisonsystem. Six weeks before delivery – or sooner if adoctor so recomm<strong>end</strong>s - the pregnant woman isplaced in the maternity ward. <strong>Croatia</strong> has a women’spenitentiary equipped with a special departmentfor postnatal care and a department for motherswith small children.3.9.3 Access to EducationInmates have various forms of education at their disposal.Literacy programmes are open to all inmatesregardless of their age, those under 21 must attainprimary education, and those older can att<strong>end</strong>, ifthey so choose. Education is organised both withinthe penitentiary and outside, and upon completion,the inmate receives a certificate that must not indicatethat the education was received during a prisonsentence.