Human Factors Criteria for the Design and Acquisition of ... - FAA

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Keyboards June 20049.0 Keyboards9.1 GeneralThis chapter presents criteria for the design and acquisitionof keyboards.Considerations when designing or choosing a keyboardinclude the specific user task, ergonomics, performance,user comfort, and user abilities. Although improvingkeyboard design can help to reduce risks for cumulativetrauma disorders, workplace factors such as duration of usealso contribute to the development of cumulative traumadisorders.The additional information provided in conjunction witheach paragraph are meant to provide some insight on theunderlying rationale so that program managers may betterunderstand what the possible implications could be if theystray from the stated design criteria.• 9.1.1 When to use. When applicable, keyboards shall beprovided for the entry of alphabetic, numeric, and otherspecial characters into the system. [Source: MIL-STD-1472F,1999]9.1.2 The nature of the task. The frequency of keyactivation, the duration of use, and relative importance ofaccuracy and speed should be considered when choosingthe keyboard type. [Source: Kodak, 1983]9.1.3 Repetitive data entry. If the task is highly repetitiveand has a high keystroke frequency, traditional keyboardsshould be used instead of membrane keyboards, touchpads, or touch-screens. [Source: Cohen, 1982; Kodak, 1983;Loeb, 1983]Additional information. Membrane keyboards yield worseperformance in speed than traditional keyboards. Althoughthere is some evidence that this effect is reduced withpractice, traditional keyboards still outperform membranekeyboards for high frequency typing. [Source: Cohen, 1982;Kodak, 1983; Loeb, 1983]9-1
Keyboards June 20049.1.4 Use in cold environments. In extremely coldenvironments, a stylus should be used for data entry ratherthan a finger operated keyboard. [Source: Blomkvist & Gard,2000]Additional information. In cold environments, users eitherinput data while wearing gloves or expose a finger orfingers while entering the data, causing the finger tobecome cold. Both methods lead to errors in data entry.Inputting data without gloves may also lead to injuries dueto exposure. [Source: Blomkvist & Gard, 2000]• 9.1.5 Multiple keyboards. Systems that include more thanone keyboard shall maintain the same configuration foralphanumeric, numeric, and special function keysthroughout the system. [Source: MIL-STD 1472F]9.1.6 Keyboard equivalents to pointing deviceoperations. If an application provides both a keyboardand a pointing device, critical operations that can beperformed with the pointing device should also beperformable with the keyboard. [Source: EITAAC, 1999]Additional information. This guideline serves twopurposes. If a pointing device is not working, the user canstill interact with the system through the keyboard.Additionally, if the user has trouble using an interactiondevice due to disability, there are alternative means forinteracting with the system.9.1.7 Switching between devices. Frequent switchingbetween keyboards and interaction devices should beavoided due to the time and effort it takes to switch modesand the possibility of hand positioning errors. [Source:Douglas & Mithal, 1997; Myers, Lie & Yang, 2000]9.2 Workplacecharacteristics forkeyboard use• 9.2.1 Duration of keyboard work. Keyboards shall not beused continuously for long periods of time without restbreaks, especially if typing quickly and under timepressure. [Source: Bergqvist, Wolgast, Nilsson & Voss 1995a,Bergqvist, Wolgast, Nilsson,& Voss,1995b; Fagarasanu & Kumar,2003; Matias, Salvendy, & Kuczek, 1998]9-2
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Page 19 and 20: Keyboards June 2004e. Pronation/sup
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Page 23 and 24: Keyboards June 20049.5 Keyboardphys
Page 25 and 26: Keyboards June 20049.5.1.6 Keyboard
Page 27 and 28: Keyboards June 20049.5.2 Keyboard l
Page 29 and 30: Keyboards June 20049.5.2.2 Grouping
Page 31 and 32: Keyboards June 20049.6.1 Toggle key
Page 33 and 34: Keyboards June 20049.6.3.5 Consiste
Page 35 and 36: Keyboards June 20049.7 Numerickeypa
Page 37 and 38: Keyboards June 20049.8 Keydimension
Page 39 and 40: Keyboards June 20049.9 Key labeling
Page 41 and 42: Keyboards June 20049.10 Keyactivati
Page 43 and 44: Keyboards June 20049.10.7 Key repea
Page 45 and 46: Keyboards June 2004Exhibit 9.12.b A
Page 47 and 48: Keyboards June 2004Exhibit 9.12.g V
Page 49 and 50: Keyboards June 20049.12.1 Split key
Page 51 and 52: Keyboards June 20049.14 Membranekey
Page 53 and 54: Keyboards June 20049.15.7 Colored k
Page 55 and 56: Keyboards June 2004GlossaryABC keyb
Page 57 and 58: Keyboards June 2004Homing timeKey f
Page 59 and 60: Keyboards June 2004ReferencesAaras,
Page 61 and 62: Keyboards June 2004Conrad, R., & Lo
Page 63 and 64: Keyboards June 2004Henning, R., Jac
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Keyboards June 2004Marteniuk, R. G.
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Keyboards June 2004Rempel, D., Bach
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Keyboards June 2004Swanson, N. G.,
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