Human Factors Criteria for the Design and Acquisition of ... - FAA

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Keyboards June 20049.4.2 Avoid soft tissue pressure. Wrist rests should bedesigned so that the user rests the palm or heel of the handon the wrist rest and not the soft tissue at the wrist crease.[Source: Horie et al., 1993, Ilg, 1987]Additional information. Resting the soft tissue of the wriston a support, will raise intracarpal pressure on the mediannerve.9.4.3 Free movement. Wrist rests should avoid restrictingthe user’s ability to freely move their hands when typing.[Source: Paul & Menon, 1994]9.4.4 Avoid localized pressure. Wrist rests should notcause localized contact pressure that is uncomfortable touser. [Source: Paul & Menon, 1994]9.4.5 Size of wrist rest. Forearm and wrist support on akeyboard should have a depth of at least 150 mm (5.91 in).[Source: Grandjean, 1988]9.4.6 Avoid moisture accumulation. Wrist rests shouldnot cause uncomfortable moisture accumulation on theskin. [Source: Parsons, 1991]9.4.7 Forearm support. Where palm support cannot beprovided, workstations should allow the users to rest theirforearms on a support surface while typing. [Source: Aaras &Ro, 1997; Barrero, Hedge & Muss, 1999; Feng, Grooten, Wretenberg& Arborelius, 1997; Hagglund & Jacobs, 1996; Hedge & Powers,1995, Hunting et al., 1981; Schuldt, Ekholm, Harms-Ringdahl, Nemeth& Arborelius, 1987; Sihvonen, Baskin & Hanninen, 1989; Visser,deKorte, van der Kraan & Kuijer, 2000]Additional information. Forearm support is associated withdecreased shoulder and neck muscle activity and decreasedreported pain in neck, shoulders, and arms. However,resting the forearms on a support surface may cause theusers to adopt awkward sitting positions with negativeconsequences or may result in contact pressure if thesupporting surface is not sufficiently padded. [Source; Aaras& Ro, 1997; Hagglund & Jacobs, 1996; Hedge & Powers, 1995;Hunting et al., 1981; Powers, Hedge & Martin, 1992; Schuldt et al.,1987; Sihvonen et al., 1989; Visser et al., 2000]9-9
Keyboards June 20049.5 Keyboardphysicalcharacteristics9.5.1 General• 9.4.8 Forearm support design. Forearm support shall notcause compression of the flexor muscles, uncomfortableaccumulation of moisture, or localized contact stress.[Source: Aaras & Ro, 1997; Barrero et al., 1999; Hagglund & Jacobs,1996; Hedge & Powers, 1995, Hunting et al., 1981; Schuldt et al.,1987; Sihvonen et al., 1989; Visser et al., 2000]• 9.4.9 Comfortable use of forearm support. Forearmsupport shall not cause the users to adopt uncomfortable orawkward positions when used. [Source: Aaras & Ro, 1997;Barrero et al, 1999; Hagglund & Jacobs, 1996; Hedge & Powers, 1995,Hunting et al., 1981; Schuldt et al., 1987; Sihvonen et al., 1989; Visseret al., 2000]• 9.5.1.1 Maintain neutral posture. Keyboards used forfrequent typing by two-handed typists shall allow the userto maintain wrist extension of less than 15 degrees andulnar deviation of less than 15 degrees while typing. (SeeExhibit 9.3.1c) [Source: Bach, Honan, & Rempel, 1997; Hedge,Morimoto & McCrobie, 1999]Additional information. Increasing the wrist extension andthe ulnar deviation increases carpal tunnel pressure.[Source: Simoneau, Marklin & Monroe, 1999]• 9.5.1.2 Stability. The keyboard shall be stable duringnormal operations (e.g. it should not slip, slide, or rock).[Source: ANSI, 1988]Additional information. Ways to avoid slippage duringnormal operations are by providing friction-causingmaterial on the undersurface of the interaction device (e.g.,rubber feet) and by ensuring that the interaction device hassufficient weight to obtain good friction on the worksurface.9-10
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Page 31 and 32: Keyboards June 20049.6.1 Toggle key
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Page 35 and 36: Keyboards June 20049.7 Numerickeypa
Page 37 and 38: Keyboards June 20049.8 Keydimension
Page 39 and 40: Keyboards June 20049.9 Key labeling
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Page 45 and 46: Keyboards June 2004Exhibit 9.12.b A
Page 47 and 48: Keyboards June 2004Exhibit 9.12.g V
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Page 53 and 54: Keyboards June 20049.15.7 Colored k
Page 55 and 56: Keyboards June 2004GlossaryABC keyb
Page 57 and 58: Keyboards June 2004Homing timeKey f
Page 59 and 60: Keyboards June 2004ReferencesAaras,
Page 61 and 62: Keyboards June 2004Conrad, R., & Lo
Page 63 and 64: Keyboards June 2004Henning, R., Jac
Page 65 and 66: Keyboards June 2004Marteniuk, R. G.
Page 67 and 68: Keyboards June 2004Rempel, D., Bach
Page 69: Keyboards June 2004Swanson, N. G.,

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