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324 MANSURAH A. ABDULAZEEZ et al.Table 5. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitory effect of coldwater extract of Peristrophe bicalyculata.SamplesCaptoprilFraction 1Fraction 2Fraction 3Fraction 4Fraction 5IC 50 (µg/mL)2.38 ± 0.19 a24.98 ± 1.73 b27.23 ± 1.60 b15.86 ± 1.78 c9.40 ± 1.58 d13.85 ± 0.78 cValues are the mean ± SEM. a-e = Values with different superscriptletters are significantly different (p < 0.05).Bioassay-guided fractionation of cold waterextract of Peristrophe bicalyculataFrom the results (Table 3), 10 different fractionswere obtained; with the ethyl acetate (100%),ethyl acetate : methanol (1 : 1, v/v), ethyl acetate :methanol (1 : 3, v/v) and methanol : formic acid (9 :1, v/v) solvents, giving one fraction each (fractions1, 3, 4 and 6, respectively); while ethyl acetate :formic acid : methanol (15 : 2 : 0.5, v/v/v) and ethylacetate : methanol : formic acid (1 : 3 : 1, v/v/v)yielded 3 fractions each: fractions 2a, 2b, 2c and 5a,5b and 5c, respectively. The yield from fraction 2cwas the highest (1.3738 g), which was about 50% ofthe extract used; and the least was fraction 2a(0.0042 g). The fractions were reduced to five afterTLC separation, based on their spots color, retentionfactor and physical characteristics. These fractionswere then administered to hypertensive rats to determinethe most active.Effect of fractions of cold water extract of P. bicalyculataon hypertensive ratsFrom the results (Table 4), the percentageMABP of L-NAME-induced hypertensive ratsincreased significantly (p < 0.05) by 60.00 ± 9.02%and persisted for over 2.5 h (161.02 ± 18.09 min),while their heart rates also increased by 12.15 ±2.62%. Following intravenous administration ofcaptopril, and fractions 2, 3, 4 and 5, the MABP wassignificantly (p < 0.05) reduced by 40.14 ± 9.08%,21.00 ± 2.94%, 12.67 ± 1.60%, 29.33 ± 2.26% and25.17 ± 1.11%, respectively. The intravenousadministration of captopril in rats significantly (p 0.05)from each other.Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitory activityof extracts and fractions of Peristrophe bicalyculataResults of the ACE inhibitory activity of thefractions of Peristrophe bicalyculata are presentedin Table 5. As shown, captopril inhibited 50% of theACE activity (IC 50 ) at a concentration (2.38 ± 0.19µg/mL) significantly lower (p < 0.05) than thatrecorded for any other fraction. The ACE inhibitoryactivity of fraction 4 (9.40 ± 1.58 µg/mL) was significantly(p < 0.05) lower than all other fractions,while, fractions 1 and 2 inhibited the enzyme at thehighest concentrations (24.98 ± 1.73 and 27.23 ±1.60 µg/mL, respectively).Gas chromatography and mass spectrometryanalysis of the partially purified antihypertensivefraction of Peristrophe bicalyculataThe results of the GC-MS analysis identifiedthe various compounds present in the partially-purifiedfraction (Table 6). Figure 1 shows the gas chromatogramwith 5 distinct peaks identified by theGC-MS.The major compound identified by GC-MS inthe partially-purified antihypertensive fraction ofPeristrophe bicalyculata was P,P,P-triphenylimino(triphenyl)phosphoranewith retention time(RT) 47.28 min and molecular weight (m.w.) of 278g. Other compounds present are propanoic acid (RT3.41 min; m.w. 102 g), 2,4-dihydroxy-2,5-dimethyl-3(2H)-furan-3-one (RT 11.71 min; m.w. 144 g),1,1,1,5,7,7,7-heptamethyl-3,3-bis(trimethylsiloxy)-tetrasiloxane (RT 42.79 min; m.w. 444 g) andandrographolide 2(3H)-furanone (RT 58.62 min;m.w. 350 g).DISCUSSIONThe antihypertensive and ACE inhibitoryactivities of the cold water extract and water fractionof methanol extract were investigated based on theresult of previous study (26). In the present study,the effect of the extract on L-NAME-induced hypertensiverats was investigated. This is because it iswell established that the alteration of the nitric oxide
Bioassay-guided fractionation and antihypertensive properties of... 325Table 6. Components identified in antihypertensive fraction of cold water extract of Peristrophe bicalyculata by GC-MS.Name of compoundRetention Molecular Moleculartime (min) formula weight (g)Propanoic acid 3.41 C 5 H 10 O 2 1022,4-Dihydroxy-2,5-dimethyl-3(2H)-furan-3-one 11.71 C 6 H 8 O 4 1441,1,1,5,7,7,7-Heptamethyl-3,3-bis(trimethylsiloxy)tetrasiloxane 42.79 C 13 H 40 O 5 Si 6 444Pentadecanal 45.40 C 15 H 30 O 226P,P,P-triphenyl-imino(triphenyl)phosphorane 47.28 C 18 H 16 NP 277Diazoprogesterone 49.85 C 21 H 30 N 4 3385-Ethyl-2-nonanol 51.07 C 11 H 24 O 172Arachidonic acid trimethylsilyl ester 56.31 C 23 H 40 O 2 Si 376Andrographolide 2(3H)-furanone 58.62 C 20 H 30 O 5 350Pseduosarsasapogenin-5,20-dien methyl ether 61.40 C 28 H 44 O 3 428The compounds presented in the Table are those which matched similar compounds in the NIST, Wiley intergrated and a domestic libraryusing a CAS number of EMBRAPA Genetic Resources and Biotechnology and which contained the molecular ion of the matching compound.Figure 1. Gas chromatogram of partially-purified antihypertensive fraction of Peristrophe bicalyculatasystem plays an important role in the developmentor maintenance of clinical hypertension (27). Thismodel of hypertension also mimics essential hypertension,which affects 90-95% of hypertensive individualsas it is usually caused by endothelial dysfunctiondue to the inhibition of NO (28).The cold water extract of Peristrophe bicalyculatawas found to be the most effective in reducingMABP of hypertensive rats. This significant (p 0.05), the duration ofaction of the cold water extract was significantly (p< 0.05) higher, hence our choice of further purifyingthe cold water extract. The consistent and normalMABP in rats within the control group is an evidencethat the rats were healthy and not hypertensive,while acute administration of L-NAME to therats significantly increased MABP. It is well documentedthat acute intravenous administration of L-NAME results in sustained hypertension attributedto the inhibition of nitric oxide synthase, known to
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