acta 2_2015

More documents

Recommendations

Info

378 SHENG LI et al.the developed and developing countries is theincreasing enrollments of students within schoolsand colleges of pharmacy (7-9). Such expansionpresents many concerns, including its effect on thequality of teaching, the number of available pharmacy-trainedacademic faculty members and theacademic standard of applicants, which have notbeen matched by similar increases in resources,including staffing levels (10).There are studies which focused on the pharmacyeducation in both developed and developingcountries, but very few studies investigated the academicpharmacistsí perceptions on their role inhealthcare system. Although a few studies havebeen conducted in countries such as United Statesand Canada addressing this issue, it is very difficultto generalize these foreign studies into Pakistanicontext. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigateperception of academic pharmacists towardstheir role in healthcare system of Pakistan.METHODOLOGYThe questionnaire was developed from theextensive review of literature and on the basis of thephase 1 of that study, that is, qualitative part. Thequestionnaire had four sections on demographicinformation, choice for career as an academic pharmacist,perception regarding current pharmacy curriculumand opinions about Pakistan PharmacistAssociation PPA.Section 3 of the questionnaire included a set ofstatements for which the respondents were asked toindicate the level of agreement using a 4-pointLikert scale, whereby 1 = strongly disagreed, 2 =disagreed, 3 = agreed, 4 = strongly agreed. A fourTable 1. Academic pharmacists from universities.UniversitiesNumber ofquestionnaires receivedUniversity 1 19University 2 14University 3 13University 4 13University 5 12University 6 10University 7 8University 8 18University 9 14University 10 10Likert scale was used in order to avoid confusionwith the ëneutralí responses.Face and content validation of questionnaireTo assess validity of content, the preliminaryversion of the questionnaire consisting of 17 itemswas sent to the professionals at the School ofPharmacy, Universiti Sains Malaysia. These professionalswere asked to assess the questionnaire byproviding their overall opinions and by listing thequestions in the order of relevance and importance.The questions of more relevance and importancewere highlighted.To assess face validity of the questionnaire,copies of the questionnaire were distributed among20 participants. These participants were asked fortheir views on the significance, worth, and simplicityof each question and to identify as to which questionsthey would point out ëneed to be removedí soas to make the questionnaire brief. In addition tothis, the participants were also welcomed to suggestfurther comments on the questions whether they areunderstandable or not. Most of them suggested simplifyingthe questions. The reliability test wasapplied to all the variables comprising the knowledgedomain. The reliability of the tool was estimatedon the basis of Cronbachís Alpha (α = 0.617).Study participants and sample sizeThe study participants consisted of academicpharmacists from the government and private universitiesof Pakistan. The number of questionnairesreceived from the universities is given in Table 1.Survey administration and time frameThe survey was conducted for a period of threemonths, from January to March 2011, in Pakistan.Academic pharmacists were informed regarding theaim, objective and nature of the study. Verbal consentwas given and execution of the study tookplace.Data collectionThe questionnaires were collected from theacademic pharmacists. Responses were exported toStatistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSSÆ) forWindows, version 15, to perform statistical analysis(11).Data analysisNon-parametric statistical test and appropriatedescriptive statistics for demographic characteristics(mean and standard deviation for age) were performedusing SPSS Æ for Windows, version 15. The
Perception of academic pharmacists towards their role in healthcare system... 379demographic information that was collected included:age, gender, type of university, years of experienceand current post. Frequencies and descriptivestatistic of each variable was reported and the meanand standard deviation were calculated for age. TheFisherís exact test was used to test the significanceof association between the independent variables(age, gender, type of university, and years of experience)and the dependent variables (respondents, perceptionregarding current pharmacy curriculum).Table 2. Academic pharmacist from universities.UniversitiesNumber of academic Number of Percentage of pharmacistspharmacists questionnaires received responded (%)University 1 21 19 90.4University 2 26 14 53.8University 3 25 13 52University 4 15 13 86.6University 5 15 12 80University 6 17 10 58.8University 7 13 8 61.5University 8 23 18 78.2University 9 18 14 77.7University 10 32 10 31.25Total 205 131 63.9Table 3. Academic pharmacistsí demographic characteristics.Variables Frequency PercentAge (mean ± SD, 34.02 ± 7.9)20-30 57 43.531-40 49 37.441-50 20 15.3>50 5 3.8GenderMale 83 63.4Female 48 36.6Type of universityPublic 81 61.8Private 50 38.2Years of experience1-10 110 84.011-20 19 14.521-30 2 1.5Current postDemonstrator 18 13.7Lecturer 75 57.3Assistant professor 31 23.7Associate professor 3 2.3Professor 4 3.1
Page 4:
PHARMACEUTICAL TECHNOLOGY347. £uka
Page 11:
Impact of stress factors on optical
Page 14 and 15:
228 ZAHRA SAFAEI et al.the determin
Page 16 and 17:
230 ZAHRA SAFAEI et al.respectively
Page 18 and 19:
232 ZAHRA SAFAEI et al.Concetration
Page 21 and 22:
Acta Poloniae Pharmaceutica ñ Drug
Page 23 and 24:
Lipophilicity assessment of spirono
Page 25 and 26:
Page 27 and 28:
Page 29 and 30:
Page 31:
Page 34 and 35:
248 ASHFAQ AHMAD et al.Proposed mec
Page 36 and 37:
250 ASHFAQ AHMAD et al.Figure 5. Re
Page 38 and 39:
252 ASHFAQ AHMAD et al.4. Ha H., Pa
Page 40 and 41:
254 PRITESH DEVBHUTI et al.inversel
Page 42 and 43:
256 PRITESH DEVBHUTI et al.Figure 1
Page 44 and 45:
258 PRITESH DEVBHUTI et al.received
Page 46 and 47:
260 PRITESH DEVBHUTI et al.20. Khia
Page 48 and 49:
262 MARIOLA HERBET et al.The purpos
Page 50 and 51:
264 MARIOLA HERBET et al.rosuvastat
Page 53 and 54:
Page 55 and 56:
Influence of cloudy apple juice on
Page 57 and 58:
Page 59 and 60:
Page 61 and 62:
Page 63 and 64:
Page 65 and 66:
1-[(Imidazolin-2-yl)amino]indoline
Page 67 and 68:
Page 69 and 70:
Page 71 and 72:
Page 73:
Page 76 and 77:
290 TOMASZ KOSMALSKI et al.the lite
Page 78 and 79:
292 TOMASZ KOSMALSKI et al.Antibact
Page 80 and 81:
294 TOMASZ KOSMALSKI et al.66.49(19
Page 83 and 84:
Page 85 and 86:
Synthesis and in vitro antiprolifer
Page 87 and 88:
Page 89 and 90:
Page 91:
Page 94 and 95:
308 ASHRAF M. MOHAMED et al.Cevipab
Page 96 and 97:
310 ASHRAF M. MOHAMED et al.solvent
Page 98 and 99:
312 ASHRAF M. MOHAMED et al.Table 2
Page 100 and 101:
314 ASHRAF M. MOHAMED et al.Table 3
Page 102 and 103:
316 ASHRAF M. MOHAMED et al.teristi
Page 104 and 105:
318 ASHRAF M. MOHAMED et al.20. Che
Page 106 and 107:
320 MANSURAH A. ABDULAZEEZ et al.an
Page 108 and 109:
322 MANSURAH A. ABDULAZEEZ et al.GC
Page 110 and 111:
324 MANSURAH A. ABDULAZEEZ et al.Ta
Page 112 and 113:
326 MANSURAH A. ABDULAZEEZ et al.in
Page 114 and 115: 328 MANSURAH A. ABDULAZEEZ et al.34
Page 116 and 117: 330 SAMINA AFZAL et al.is used as a
Page 118 and 119: 332 SAMINA AFZAL et al.Detection of
Page 120 and 121: 334 SAMINA AFZAL et al.CONCLUSIONAm
Page 122 and 123: 336 BEATA PASKER et al.inhibitory o
Page 124 and 125: 338 BEATA PASKER et al.Figure 2. Ef
Page 126 and 127: 340 BEATA PASKER et al.In conclusio
Page 128 and 129: 342 NASER VAHED DEHKORDI et al.EXPE
Page 130 and 131: 344 NASER VAHED DEHKORDI et al.Anti
Page 133 and 134: Acta Poloniae Pharmaceutica ñ Drug
Page 135 and 136: Dissolution properties and kinetic
Page 141: Dissolution properties and kinetic
Page 144 and 145: 358 OLADAPO A. ADETUNJI et al.In th
Page 146 and 147: 360 OLADAPO A. ADETUNJI et al.that
Page 148 and 149: 362 OLADAPO A. ADETUNJI et al.Figur
Page 150 and 151: 364 OLADAPO A. ADETUNJI et al.Figur
Page 155 and 156: In vitro antimicrobial activity of
Page 161: In vitro antimicrobial activity of
Page 166 and 167: 380 SHENG LI et al.Fisherís exact
Page 168 and 169: 382 SHENG LI et al.Arabia and Jorda
Page 170 and 171: 384 MAGDALENA RATAJCZAK et al.g/mL.
Page 172 and 173: 386 MAGDALENA RATAJCZAK et al.ing d
Page 177 and 178: Use of medicines among students of
Page 185 and 186: Cytotoxicity and antiglucosidase po
Page 187: Cytotoxicity and antiglucosidase po
Page 190 and 191: 404 ANNA CWYNAR et al.was used to r
Page 192 and 193: 406 ANNA CWYNAR et al.Consequently,
show all

acta 2_2015

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?