2006-2007 - Kennedy Space Center Technology Transfer Office

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Countermeasure for Radiation Protection and RepairExposure to ionizing radiation during long-duration space missions is expected toEnergy-Efficient cause short-term illness and increase long-term risk of cancer for astronauts. Radiationinducedfree radicals overload the antioxidant defense mechanisms and lead to cellularLighting Systemsdamage at the membrane, enzyme, and chromosome levels. A large number ofradioprotective agents were screened, but most had significant side effects. But there is increasingevidence that significant radioprotective benefit is achieved by increasing the dietary intake of foodswith high antioxidant potential.Early plant-growing systems for space missions will be limited in both size and volume to minimizepower and mass requirements. These systems will be well suited to producing plants containinghigh concentrations of bioprotective antioxidants. This project explored whether the productionof bioprotective compounds could be increased by altering the lighting system, without increasingthe space or power requirements for production, and evaluated the effects of environmentalconditions (light quantity, light quality, and carbon dioxide [CO 2] concentration) on the productionof bioprotective compounds in lettuce, which provide a biological countermeasure for radiationexposure.The specific deliverables were to• develop a database of bioprotectant compounds in plants that are suitable for use on longdurationspace missions,• develop protocols for maintaining and increasing bioprotectant production under lightemittingdiodes (LEDs),• recommend lighting requirements to produce dietary countermeasures of radiation, and• publish results in the Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science.Red leaf lettuce contains relatively high concentrations of bioactive pigments known as anthocyanins.These pigments, as well as other antioxidant molecules, have radioprotective properties. To determineif the concentration of these compounds could be increased, several red leaf lettuce cultivars weregrown under either fluorescent lamps or LEDs at 300 µmol m –2 s –1 of photosynthetically activeradiation (PAR) of light intensity, 1,200 µmol mol –1 CO 2, 23 °C, and an 18-hr light/6-hr darkphotoperiod in controlled-environment chambers. The LED treatments were selected to providedifferent amounts of red (640-nm), blue (440-nm), green (530-nm), and far red (730-nm) light inthe spectra. Total anthocyanin content and the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) of thetissue were measured at harvest. The results were comparedwith effects of light intensity under fluorescent lamps from100 to 450 µmol m –2 s –1 PAR and CO 2concentrations of 400,1,200, and 3,000 µmol mol –1 . Bioprotectant concentrationof red lettuce grown under red (640-nm) and blue (440-nm)light was comparable to plants grown under fluorescent lamps.High-output LED arrays provide the capability to definespectra to increase the concentration of radioprotectivecompounds.The source of light had a dramatic effect on both plantgrowth and production of radioprotective compounds. LEDsproduced 50 percent more bioprotectant content per plant atthe same light level than did conventional fluorescent lamps.The use of LEDs containing blue (440-nm) light in particularappeared to activate the pathways leading to increasedconcentration of bioprotective compounds in leaf tissue.LEDs provided a number of indirect effects that increasedthe bioprotective content. LEDs also allowed the ability to90 Biological Sciences
alter the spectral quality that can enhance leaf expansion and maximizes light interception. In addition, LED lightingsystems minimized the use of nonphotosynthetic light and increased the photosynthetic efficiency of the lightingsystem.Related research demonstrated photochemical regulation of the biochemical processes associated with the synthesisof bioprotective compounds in lettuce. These experiments showed the development of the bioprotective pigments(anthocyanin) and antioxidants (ORAC) is strongly affected by both light intensity and light quality. In particular,blue (440-nm) light seems to be necessary in order to maintain the bioprotective properties in lettuce.CO 2enrichment had no direct effect on the regulation of the biochemical processes associated with synthesis ofbioprotective compounds in lettuce. However, there was an indirect effect of increased growth rate at elevated CO 2and thus greater bioproduction per plant.Contacts: Dr. Gary W. Stutte , Dynamac Corporation, (321) 861-3493; and Dr. Raymond M. Wheeler, NASA-KSC, (321) 861-2950Participating Organizations: Dynamac Corporation (Ignacio Eraso) and NASA-KSC (Dr. John C. Sager)Quanta3025201510TPSRGBRBRRFrORAC (TE/plant)30252015105Array 1 (30, 5, 265) Array 2 (30, 270)50RGB RB R RFr0–5350 450 550 650 750 850 950 1050Wavelength (nm)Spectroradiometric scans were used to set the light quantityand quality for growth of red leaf lettuce.Presence of blue light increases bioprotectantcapacity of lettuce c.v. Outredgeous.Array 3 (300) Array 4 (300, 20)Blue light was necessary in the spectra for anthocyaninproduction and to maximize antioxidant-potential tissue.Blue LEDs Increase Anthocyanin Content of Lettuce200175Total Anthocyanin (ug/plant)150125100755025300 μmol/m 2 s Array 1 (30, 5, 265) Array 2 (30, 270)*Triphosphore Fluorescent lamps were the controltreatment. LED treatments were red (660 nm) andblue (440 nm) at total PAR of 300 μmol/m 2 s.0*Control 0 10 20 30Total Blue (440 nm) from LEDsPlants grown under LEDs were 30 to 40 percent larger than plants grown at the samelight under fluorescent lamps (see inset). The addition of 10 µmol m –2 s –1 of blue (440-nm)light nearly doubled the concentration of anthocyanin in the leaves.KSC Technology Development and Application 2006-200791
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ForewordSuccessful technology devel
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ContentsSpaceport Structures and Ma
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Contents (continued)Process and Hum
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IntroductionJohn F. Kennedy Space C
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Constellation SystemsSurfaceSystems
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Spaceport Structures and MaterialsK
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20181614∆ E1210Modified Sensor Be
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Initial results of the EDEM model o
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Contacts: Dr. Carlos I. Calle ,NASA
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Close examination of the corrosions
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Adhesion at Failure (psi)2500200015
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Figure 1. After 500 hours of salt f
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Contacts: Dr. Paul E. Hintze , NASA
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Figure 2. Repairs to various types
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on top of the cuvette contains the
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Figure 2. A corrugated NiTi sheet e
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The PLTD can be used to (1) calibra
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SEM images of neat MWNT fibers: (a)
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Contacts: Trent M. Smith
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Figure 1. An isometric cutaway view
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Figure 2. Quartz sand flowing in th
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Figure 2. Top images show how the e
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Sand volume fraction contour at t =
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Integrated LWRD/RVC engineering bre
Page 53 and 54: Mean relative percentage change in
Page 55 and 56: We compared the model’s predictio
Page 57 and 58: Figure 2. Three-dimensional simulat
Page 59 and 60: Figure 3. Camera calibration model.
Page 61 and 62: The sketch in Figure 2 shows alaunc
Page 63: Figure 2. Signal generator (right)
Page 66 and 67: Hail Size Distribution MappingA 3-D
Page 68 and 69: Launch Pad 39 Hail Monitor Array Sy
Page 70 and 71: Autonomous Flight Safety System - P
Page 72 and 73: The Photogrammetry CubeSpaceport/Ra
Page 74 and 75: Bird Vision SystemThe Bird Vision s
Page 76 and 77: Automating Range Surveillance Throu
Page 78 and 79: Next-Generation Telemetry Workstati
Page 80 and 81: GPS Metric Tracking UnitAs Global P
Page 82 and 83: Space-Based RangeSpace-Based Range
Page 85 and 86: Fluid System TechnologiesKSC Techno
Page 87 and 88: 0.900.850.80Discharge Coefficient,
Page 89 and 90: Composite seals for performance eva
Page 91 and 92: 140000120000100000Signal80000600004
Page 93 and 94: Contacts: Dr. Barry J. Meneghelli ,
Page 95 and 96: 60555045Comparative k-value (mW/m-K
Page 97 and 98: a compatible spacecraft model where
Page 99 and 100: In an ongoing effort for improvemen
Page 101: Low-gravity probe prototype test.th
Page 106 and 107: Focused Metabolite Profiling for Di
Page 109 and 110: Process and Human FactorsEngineerin
Page 111 and 112: DON uses game technology to enable
Page 113 and 114: Type of mobile crane that impacted
Page 115 and 116: SALT proof-of-concept communication
Page 117 and 118: SSLM CAD model.Our design offers th
Page 119 and 120: Variables that can be integrated by
Page 121: Exploration Supply Chain Simulation
Page 124 and 125: Nanosensors for Evaluating Hazardou
Page 126 and 127: Sixty-four-Channel Inline Cable Tes
Page 128 and 129: Wireless Inclinometer Calibration S
Page 130 and 131: Generating Safety-Critical PLC Code
Page 132 and 133: Spacecraft Electrostatic Radiation
Page 134 and 135: Ion Beam Propulsion StudySpacecraft
Page 136 and 137: RT-MATRIX: Measuring Total Organic
Page 139 and 140: Appendix AKSC High-Priority Technol
Page 141 and 142: Risk Assessment ToolMission Data Fe
Page 143 and 144: Appendix BInnovative Partnership Pr
Page 145 and 146: system for the Government, using th
Page 147: tracking objects after launch, and
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2006-2007 - Kennedy Space Center Technology Transfer Office

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