2006-2007 - Kennedy Space Center Technology Transfer Office

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RT-MATRIX: Measuring Total Organic Carbon by Photocatalytic Oxidationof Volatile Organic CompoundsVolatile organic compounds (VOCs) inevitably accumulate in enclosed habitats suchElemental andGas Composition as the International Space Station and the Crew Exploration Vehicle (CEV) as a resultSensors of human metabolism, material off-gassing, and leaking equipment. Some VOCs cannegatively affect the quality of the crew’s life, health, and performance; and consequently,the success of the mission. Air quality must be closely monitored to ensure a safe living and workingenvironment. Currently, there is no reliable air quality monitoring system that meets NASA’sstringent requirements for power, mass, volume, or performance. The ultimate objective of theproject—the development of a Real-Time, Miniaturized, Autonomous Total Risk Indicator System(RT‐MATRIX)—is to provide a portable, dual-function sensing system that simultaneously determinestotal organic carbon (TOC) and individual contaminants in air streams.TOC is often used as an indicator of organic contaminants in both liquid and vapor phases. OnEarth-bound applications, TOC is analyzed in liquid samples either by catalyst or ultraviolet (UV)-promoted persulfate oxidation or by catalyst-assisted high-temperature combustion of organics. TOCin the gas phase is analyzed by flaming ionization of organics, followed by nondispersive infrareddetection. Several types of flame ionization detector-based hydrocarbon analyzers are commerciallyavailable. They have been used for real-time monitoring of the effluent of volatile-contaminant reductionequipment for environmental compliance, lower-exposure-limit monitoring, and fugitive-emissionmonitoring. Unfortunately, the smallest available system weighs 55 to 65 pounds and measures19×21×9 inches. Such TOC analyzers require carrier and fuel gases (hydrogen, air, or oxygen) foroperation and have high power consumption (750 watts), which make them unsuitable for applicationin a space environment.Figure 1. Experimental setup for evaluation of PCO cell performance.122 Command, Control, and Monitoring Technologies
160VOC Removed (%) (i.e., 100–C exit/C in×100)9070503010DichloromethaneEthanolAcetaldehydeTolueneAverage CO 2Conversion (%)1208040a–100 10 20 30 40 50 60 70Time After UV Lamp On (min)DCM Toluene Ethanol AcetaldehydeFigure 2. Photocatalytic oxidation of a constant flow (0.2 L/min) of 100 ppm toluene, dichloromethane, acetaldehyde, and500 ppm ethanol; (a) VOC removed upon single pass through PCO cell; and (b) corresponding CO 2formation.b0Photocatalytic oxidation (PCO) of organic pollutants consumes less power, uses a nontoxic catalyst, andcan destroy most organic pollutants. This technology has been employed in air revitalization systems.However, it is not known whether organic compounds are stoichiometrically oxidized into carbon dioxide.The concept of using PCO for TOC determination was tested. A prototype PCO cell (Figure 1) wasconstructed and evaluated against four VOCs representing alcohol, aldehyde, aromatic, and halogeniccompounds. Representative results are summarized in Figure 2. Ethanol and acetaldehyde were oxidizedalmost completely upon single pass through the PCO cell, as is evident by the low level of starting materialin PCO cell effluent and the formation of carbon dioxide at 100 percent of the theoretical conversion.However, the percentages of toluene and dichloromethane oxidized were about 80 and 50 percentinitially and declined over time. This decreased oxidation may be attributed to the formation of intermediatesthat compete for the active site on the titanium dioxide catalyst. Over 50 minutes, the carbondioxide conversion efficiency (i.e., actual [carbon dioxide]/expected [carbon dioxide] × 100) was about40 and 20 percent for toluene and dichloromethane, respectively. The effect of linear velocity and surfacearea on the oxidation efficiency was also examined. Based on these preliminary results, a new PCO cellwith improved performance was designed and is under construction.We plan to couple this PCO cell with a commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) encoded photometric infrared(EP-IR) spectrometer to provide early detection of harmful VOCs and equipment leaks and to monitorthe efficacy of air revitalization and solid-waste management systems. This dual-function sensor isportable and reagent-free, has no consumables, and is ideal for field application.The project demonstrated stoichiometric conversion of select VOCs (e.g., ethanol and acetaldehyde) intocarbon dioxide, implying the feasibility for PCO of VOCs as an alternative means for TOC measurement.Furthermore, a COTS EP-IR was acquired as our sensing component.Contact: Dr. John C. Sager , NASA-KSC, (321) 861-2949Participating Organizations: Dynamac Corporation (Dr. Lanfang H. Levine, William A. Rigdon, and Patricia A.Bisbee), NASA-KSC (Dr. Paul E. Hintze), and University of Delaware (Dr. Karl S. Booksh and Dr. Yoon-Chang Kim)KSC Technology Development and Application 2006-2007123/124
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ForewordSuccessful technology devel
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ContentsSpaceport Structures and Ma
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Contents (continued)Process and Hum
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IntroductionJohn F. Kennedy Space C
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Constellation SystemsSurfaceSystems
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Spaceport Structures and MaterialsK
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20181614∆ E1210Modified Sensor Be
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Initial results of the EDEM model o
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Contacts: Dr. Carlos I. Calle ,NASA
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Close examination of the corrosions
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Adhesion at Failure (psi)2500200015
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Figure 1. After 500 hours of salt f
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Contacts: Dr. Paul E. Hintze , NASA
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Figure 2. Repairs to various types
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on top of the cuvette contains the
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Figure 2. A corrugated NiTi sheet e
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The PLTD can be used to (1) calibra
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SEM images of neat MWNT fibers: (a)
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Contacts: Trent M. Smith
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Figure 1. An isometric cutaway view
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Figure 2. Quartz sand flowing in th
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Figure 2. Top images show how the e
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Sand volume fraction contour at t =
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Integrated LWRD/RVC engineering bre
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Mean relative percentage change in
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We compared the model’s predictio
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Figure 2. Three-dimensional simulat
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Figure 3. Camera calibration model.
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The sketch in Figure 2 shows alaunc
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Figure 2. Signal generator (right)
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Hail Size Distribution MappingA 3-D
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Launch Pad 39 Hail Monitor Array Sy
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Autonomous Flight Safety System - P
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The Photogrammetry CubeSpaceport/Ra
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Bird Vision SystemThe Bird Vision s
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Automating Range Surveillance Throu
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Next-Generation Telemetry Workstati
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GPS Metric Tracking UnitAs Global P
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Space-Based RangeSpace-Based Range
Page 85 and 86: Fluid System TechnologiesKSC Techno
Page 87 and 88: 0.900.850.80Discharge Coefficient,
Page 89 and 90: Composite seals for performance eva
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Page 93 and 94: Contacts: Dr. Barry J. Meneghelli ,
Page 95 and 96: 60555045Comparative k-value (mW/m-K
Page 97 and 98: a compatible spacecraft model where
Page 99 and 100: In an ongoing effort for improvemen
Page 101: Low-gravity probe prototype test.th
Page 104 and 105: Countermeasure for Radiation Protec
Page 106 and 107: Focused Metabolite Profiling for Di
Page 109 and 110: Process and Human FactorsEngineerin
Page 111 and 112: DON uses game technology to enable
Page 113 and 114: Type of mobile crane that impacted
Page 115 and 116: SALT proof-of-concept communication
Page 117 and 118: SSLM CAD model.Our design offers th
Page 119 and 120: Variables that can be integrated by
Page 121: Exploration Supply Chain Simulation
Page 124 and 125: Nanosensors for Evaluating Hazardou
Page 126 and 127: Sixty-four-Channel Inline Cable Tes
Page 128 and 129: Wireless Inclinometer Calibration S
Page 130 and 131: Generating Safety-Critical PLC Code
Page 132 and 133: Spacecraft Electrostatic Radiation
Page 134 and 135: Ion Beam Propulsion StudySpacecraft
Page 139 and 140: Appendix AKSC High-Priority Technol
Page 141 and 142: Risk Assessment ToolMission Data Fe
Page 143 and 144: Appendix BInnovative Partnership Pr
Page 145 and 146: system for the Government, using th
Page 147: tracking objects after launch, and
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2006-2007 - Kennedy Space Center Technology Transfer Office

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