Feeding hunger and insecurity

annexesAnnex 7: Harriss’ typology of states, as applied to IndiaDefinitions vary, but when discussing electoral mobilisation, clientelism relies on the exchange of privategoods for votes, while programmatic politics relies on the ability of a political party to attract votes throughthe provision of goods and services to the collective or public sphere. Harriss (2005) distinguishesbetween three types of states:Type 1 states are characterised by strong representation of the lower castes and where the Congress Partylost its dominance in the two-party system at an early stage – these states are more programmatic.Type 2 states are intermediaries between clientelist and programmatic systems, dominated by themiddle class, where the Congress Party has lost its dominance but still participates in a stable two-partyarrangement.Type 3 states are clientelistic, dominated by higher castes and function as two-party systems with astrong Congress Party influence.For a fuller explanation see Harriss 2005Annex 8: The power of the counter-seasonal strategyprevent debt anddistress salesIncomehigherwagesProtectAssetslabourshortagebargainingpowercheaper thanrestoring assetsMDGs 1 and 2reducedistressmigrationMinimum essentialpackage to tackleseasonal hungerCost EffectiveFood(at critical timesof hunger)PreventFaminesave emergencyexpenditureMDG 4reduce childmortalityMDGs 3, 5 and 6 also affectedProvided by Robert Chambers74ACF International NetworkFeeding Hunger and Insecurity