Nonextensive Statistical Mechanics

242 7 Thermodynamical and Nonthermodynamical ApplicationsMany more contributions along these and other lines concerning galaxies, blackholes, cosmology can be found in the literature [321, 464, 483–538].7.1.8.2 Temperature Fluctuations of the Cosmic Microwave BackgroundRadiationThe q-Gaussians are used since many decades in astrophysics with no deep theoreticaljustification [300]. They are called κ-distributions, and are written as follows:Fig. 7.27 The WMAP1 (WMAP with one-year data) CMBR temperature fluctuations maps, denotedby (a) W (93.5 GHz), (b) V (60.8 GHz), and (c) Q (40.7 GHz). To enhance the effect of thecosmic temperature fluctuations over the galaxy foregrounds, in these plots we consider only thosepixels with T ∈ [−0.6, 0.6] mK. Data from the area contaminated by the Galaxy emissions areusually excluded from the statistical analysis, and, for the regions investigated, the whole range oftemperatures measured by WMAP is considered.