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Designer Drugs and the Brain11may lead to limited physical dependence or psychologicaldependence relative to the drugs or othersubstances in Schedule III. Examples: Valium®, Xanax®,some barbiturates.Schedule V—The drug or other substance has (1) a lowpotential for abuse relative to the drugs or other substancesin Schedule IV, (2) a currently accepted medicaluse in treatment in the United States, and (3) abuse ofthe drug or other substance may lead to limited physicaldependence or psychological dependence relative to thedrugs or other substances in Schedule IV. Example:codeine cough syrup.Schedule I drugs are the most highly restricted and tightlyregulated, whereas Schedule V drugs are the least restricted.Note that, in some circumstances, some drugs can be classifiedunder more than one schedule. For example, althoughmorphine is a Schedule II drug, it is considered Schedule IIIif it comes in a concentration of less than 2 milligrams permilliliter of water.During the 1980s, it became evident that some “designerdrugs” were more potent and dangerous than the originaldrugs they were designed to imitate, leading to many overdoses.Also, the drugs often contained impurities that madethem extremely toxic. Thus, in 1986, the United States governmentamended the Controlled Substances Act toinclude the Controlled Substances Analogues EnforcementAct. This law made it illegal to manufacture any drug thatwas “substantially similar” to the chemical structure of analready legal drug. Thus, simply replacing an atom or two inthe chemical structure of a narcotic painkiller was no longera legal way to create a drug that had similar effects to onesalready made by pharmaceutical companies.