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Painkiller Analogues75In 1979–1980, some illegal fentanyl analogues appearedthat were being sold as substitutes for heroin on the street.Suddenly, a series of more than a dozen mysterious deathsoccurred in southern California. Upon autopsy, the victimsstrongly looked as if they had overdosed on heroin; however,no traces of heroin could be found in their bodies. Later,forensic chemists identified a fentanyl analogue (alphamethyl-fentanyl)that was present in all of the victims. As itturns out, alpha-methyl-fentanyl was being sold on thestreets under the name “China White” (Figure 7.2), becauseit resembled (and contained) pure synthetic heroin that wasproduced in Southeast Asia.Later in the 1980s, other fentanyl analogues started to befound in the tissues of heroin users and overdose victims. Onesuch analogue was 3-methyl-fentanyl (see Figure 7.3), which is6,000 times more potent than morphine. This drug was foundin the tissue of 16 overdose victims in Pennsylvania in 1988. Inall, more than 150 deaths have been attributed to overdoses ofillegal fentanyl analogues. It is likely that victims overdosebecause they think they are injecting heroin and are ignorantto the potency of the fentanyl analogues that they are actuallytaking. Alpha-methyl-fentanyl became classified as a ScheduleI controlled substance in 1982, and 3-methyl-fentanyl wassimilarly classified in 1985.Fentanyl analogues often come as a fine or coarse powderthat is either white or yellowish-white (when sold as “ChinaWhite”), tan (when sold as “Synthetic Heroin”), or light brown(when sold as “Mexican Brown”). Other names for fentanyl orits analogues include “Goodfella” and “Tango and Cash.” Drugdealers often cut (dilute) fentanyl analogues with largeamounts of powdered sugar so that the actual drug content isvery small (as low as 1%). When dealers “cook” the fentanylanalogues, the sugar content can become caramelized, giving ita brownish color. The drugs are mostly injected intravenouslybut can also be snorted or smoked.
76DESIGNER DRUGSFigure 7.2 China White powder, shown here, is a syntheticform of heroin that is very pure. China White that was taintedwith illegal fentanyl analogues, which are hundreds of timesmore potent than heroin, caused numerous overdoses in heroinaddicts in the late 1970s and early 1980s.Users of fentanyl analogues report that these drugs producea rapid “rush” or euphoria that is similar to that felt with heroin,followed by a sedated, dream-like state. As analgesics, they alsoproduce a profound loss of pain sensation and have commonunwanted side effects such as sleepiness and constipation.However, because they are so potent, fentanyl analogues can
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DRUGSThe Straight FactsDesignerDrug
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DRUGSThe Straight FactsDesignerDrug
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Table of ContentsThe Use and Abuse
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the connection between our demand f
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The term designer drugs was origina
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Designer Drugs and the Brain11may l
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Designer Drugs and the Brain13Figur
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Designer Drugs and the Brain15Other
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Designer Drugs and the Brain17Figur
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a much stronger “rush” than was
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Methamphetamine21Figure 2.2 Methamp
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Methamphetamine23known to hijack sh
Page 26 and 27: Methamphetamine25or hemorrhage. Chr
Page 28 and 29: Methamphetamine27Figure 2.4 Althoug
Page 30 and 31: Methamphetamine29decline in their a
Page 32 and 33: Figure 3.1 The chemical structure o
Page 34 and 35: Ecstasy33Figure 3.2 Ecstasy tablets
Page 36 and 37: Ecstasy35that felt after taking coc
Page 38 and 39: Ecstasy37specifically in serotonin-
Page 40 and 41: Ecstasy39parties, and raves, and it
Page 42 and 43: Ecstasy41RAVESEcstasy and other des
Page 44 and 45: and underground laboratories began
Page 46 and 47: GHB45a coma-like state for which pa
Page 48 and 49: GHB47assault to the police. In addi
Page 50 and 51: GHB49a consequence, enforcement of
Page 52 and 53: GHB51STATISTICS AND PATTERNS OF GHB
Page 54 and 55: GHB53Figure 4.2 The number of emerg
Page 56 and 57: and European countries. Rohypnol is
Page 58 and 59: Rohypnol57Figure 5.2 The chemical s
Page 60 and 61: Rohypnol59Rohypnol can also act dir
Page 62 and 63: Rohypnol61Both of these are false
Page 64 and 65: list, signifying that further restr
Page 66 and 67: Ketamine65Figure 6.2 The chemical s
Page 68 and 69: Ketamine67HOW KETAMINE WORKS IN THE
Page 70 and 71: Ketamine69Figure 6.3 Although the n
Page 72 and 73: Ketamine71the drug. As with other d
Page 74 and 75: Figure 7.1 The opium poppy, shown h
Page 78 and 79: Painkiller Analogues77Figure 7.3 Th
Page 80 and 81: Painkiller Analogues79Figure 7.4 Th
Page 82 and 83: Painkiller Analogues81the brain tha
Page 84 and 85: Bibliography and Further ReadingCha
Page 86 and 87: Dillon, P. Copel, and J.K. Jansen.
Page 88 and 89: www.projectghb.orgInformation about
Page 90 and 91: Talk With Your KidsInformation on t
Page 92 and 93: Date rape drugsEcstasy, 37GHB, 43,
Page 94 and 95: legal status of,18-19looks of, 19-2
Page 96 and 97: Picture Creditspage:13: Lambda Scie
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