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Painkiller Analogues81the brain that use the neurotransmitter dopamine. Circuits inthe brain that use dopamine are primarily involved in thecontrol of motor skills such as movements of the arms, legs,and face. This MPTP-laced heroin explained why this youngman showed signs of Parkinson’s disease.In 1982, many more cases of drug addicts becoming“frozen” after injecting themselves with (what they thought tobe) heroin were reported by various emergency rooms inthe San Francisco Bay area. Neurologists, psychiatrists, andmimic the action of dopamine, or are converted to dopamineonce taken, such as L-dopa, are currently used to treatParkinson’s disease, but with limited success.When heroin laced with toxic MPTP enters the body, itis metabolized to form MPP+, which is very toxic to neuronscontaining dopamine, such as those in the substantia nigra. Inaddition, it is a relatively selective toxin, so it does not destroyneurons containing other types of neurotransmitters. Whenheroin addicts injected that bad batch of heroin containingthe meperidine analogue MPTP, it was converted to MPP+and destroyed many neurons in their substantia nigra, resultingin a dopamine shortage in their striatum and subsequentlycausing symptoms resembling Parkinson’s disease.Despite the misfortunes of these addicts, MPTP hasproved an invaluable tool for studying the biology of Parkinson’sdisease. When MPTP is injected into experimental rats,mice, or monkeys, neurons in the substantia nigra ofthese animals start to die, and the animals develop motorproblems that closely resemble the symptoms of Parkinson’sdisease. Researchers hope to use MPTP in animals tounravel the mystery of what causes Parkinson’s disease inhumans, in the hope that they can develop a cure for thisdevastating disease.
82DESIGNER DRUGSscientists were able to trace contaminants found in the victims’bodies to a bad batch of heroin that was being sold in the area.These unfortunate heroin addicts also developed a form ofParkinson’s disease.Statistics on the patterns of use of fentanyl and meperidineanalogues are relatively scarce. Although abuse of prescriptionpainkillers is on the rise, the use of fentanyl and meperidineanalogues is not. Law enforcement agencies believe theuse of painkiller analogues is not nearly as prevalent today as itwas in the 1970s and 1980s because of increased law enforcementefforts to shut down illegal underground laboratoriesand tighter restrictions and documentation of fentanyland meperidine prescriptions and shipments. In addition,heroin addicts tend to shy away from fentanyl andmeperidine analogues because of the frightening reportsthat they cause frequent overdoses and degeneration of neuronsin the brain.
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DRUGSThe Straight FactsDesignerDrug
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DRUGSThe Straight FactsDesignerDrug
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Table of ContentsThe Use and Abuse
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the connection between our demand f
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The term designer drugs was origina
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Designer Drugs and the Brain11may l
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Designer Drugs and the Brain13Figur
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Designer Drugs and the Brain15Other
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Designer Drugs and the Brain17Figur
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a much stronger “rush” than was
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Methamphetamine21Figure 2.2 Methamp
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Methamphetamine23known to hijack sh
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Methamphetamine25or hemorrhage. Chr
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Methamphetamine27Figure 2.4 Althoug
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Methamphetamine29decline in their a
Page 32 and 33: Figure 3.1 The chemical structure o
Page 34 and 35: Ecstasy33Figure 3.2 Ecstasy tablets
Page 36 and 37: Ecstasy35that felt after taking coc
Page 38 and 39: Ecstasy37specifically in serotonin-
Page 40 and 41: Ecstasy39parties, and raves, and it
Page 42 and 43: Ecstasy41RAVESEcstasy and other des
Page 44 and 45: and underground laboratories began
Page 46 and 47: GHB45a coma-like state for which pa
Page 48 and 49: GHB47assault to the police. In addi
Page 50 and 51: GHB49a consequence, enforcement of
Page 52 and 53: GHB51STATISTICS AND PATTERNS OF GHB
Page 54 and 55: GHB53Figure 4.2 The number of emerg
Page 56 and 57: and European countries. Rohypnol is
Page 58 and 59: Rohypnol57Figure 5.2 The chemical s
Page 60 and 61: Rohypnol59Rohypnol can also act dir
Page 62 and 63: Rohypnol61Both of these are false
Page 64 and 65: list, signifying that further restr
Page 66 and 67: Ketamine65Figure 6.2 The chemical s
Page 68 and 69: Ketamine67HOW KETAMINE WORKS IN THE
Page 70 and 71: Ketamine69Figure 6.3 Although the n
Page 72 and 73: Ketamine71the drug. As with other d
Page 74 and 75: Figure 7.1 The opium poppy, shown h
Page 76 and 77: Painkiller Analogues75In 1979-1980,
Page 78 and 79: Painkiller Analogues77Figure 7.3 Th
Page 80 and 81: Painkiller Analogues79Figure 7.4 Th
Page 84 and 85: Bibliography and Further ReadingCha
Page 86 and 87: Dillon, P. Copel, and J.K. Jansen.
Page 88 and 89: www.projectghb.orgInformation about
Page 90 and 91: Talk With Your KidsInformation on t
Page 92 and 93: Date rape drugsEcstasy, 37GHB, 43,
Page 94 and 95: legal status of,18-19looks of, 19-2
Page 96 and 97: Picture Creditspage:13: Lambda Scie
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