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Figure 31. Elements of Expository Text.Examples Newspapers Textbooks Magazine Articles Brochures CataloguesPurposeTo informCharacteristics Titles Headings Subheadings Boldface Words ChartsTables Diagrams GraphicsOrganizationOne expository passage may be organized using several different text structures.Types ofOrganizationCause-EffectChronology/SequenceCompare/ContrastDescription/CategorizationProblem-SolutionPosition-ReasonHow or why an event happened; what resultedfrom an eventThe order of events/steps in a processHow two or more things are alike/differentHow something looks, moves, works, etc.; adefinition or characterizationWhat’s wrong and how to fix itWhy a point or idea should be supported; what’swrong with an ideaAdapted with permission from University of Texas Center for Reading and Language Arts. (2003). Special education reading projectsecondary institute — Effective instruction for secondary struggling readers: Research-based practices. Austin, TX: Author.As they attempt to identify expository text structures, it can be helpful for students to locate signal wordscommonly associated with different text structures. A list of signal words for each text structure is includedin Figure 32 and in the Appendix.Signal words can help students think about the relationships between ideas, but signal words should be onlyone piece of information that is used to determine the text structure. Some signal words can indicate morethan one text structure. For example, the phrase “for this reason” may signal a cause-and-effect structureor a position-reason structure. It is important that students learn to focus on what the author is trying tocommunicate about the information in the text, rather than relying on only signal words. Figure 33 illustratesthe connection between the author’s purpose and the text structure typically associated with it. A copy of thisfigure is included in the Appendix and can be used as a class handout.As mentioned above, sometimes one passage may contain several different text structures. When thereare multiple text structures in a single passage or when it is difficult to identify a text structure, teachersfind it helpful to return to the primary focus of the passage or of the lesson. Teachers may ask themselvesquestions such as, “What is it I want students to know and be able to do as a result of reading the text?”and “What is the organizational pattern inherent in that primary focus?” For example, if a section ofscience text describes an activity in which students determine what will happen as a result of mixingcertain chemicals, the overarching structure may be cause and effect. If, on the other hand, the focus is oncomparing mixtures and solutions, the overarching structure may be compare/contrast. If the text describesan activity in which students combine substances and then determine whether this results in mixtures orsolutions, the overarching structure is probably description/categorization.110The Reading Teacher’s Sourcebook
Figure 32. Signal Words.Cause-EffectHow or why an event happened; what resulted from an eventAccordinglyAs a result ofBecauseBegins withConsequentlyDue toEffects ofFinallyFor this reasonHenceHowIf...thenIn order toIs caused byIt followsLeads/led toNextResulting fromSinceSo thatThereforeThusWhen...thenWhetherAfterAfterwardAroundAs soon asAt lastBeforeBetweenDuringEventuallyEver sinceFinallyFirstChronological Order/Temporal SequencingThe order of events/steps in a processFollowingFormerlyImmediatelyIn front ofIn the middleInitiallyLastLaterMeanwhileNextNot long afterNowOn (date)PrecedingPreviouslySecondShortlySoonThenThirdTo begin withUntilWhenWhileCompare/ContrastHow two or more things are alike/differentAlthoughAndAs opposed toAs well asBetterBothButCompared withDespiteDifferent fromEitherEven thoughHoweverIn commonIn comparisonIn contrastIn the same wayInstead ofJust as/likeLessLikewiseMore thanNeverthelessOn the contraryOn the other handOppositeOtherwiseSameSimilar toSimilarlyStillWhereasYet(figure continued on the next page)The Reading Teacher’s Sourcebook 111
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Effective Instruction for Middle Sc
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Effective Instruction for Middle Sc
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ContentsForeword: A Schoolwide Appr
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Word Learning Sample Lesson:Teachin
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Position-Reason 345Semantic Feature
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Foreword:A Schoolwide Approachto Re
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Figure 2. A Schoolwide Reading Inte
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Tier I: Schoolwide Strategies and R
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Elements of Strategic InterventionI
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DEVELOP A PLAN FOR COLLECTING, MANA
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ehind, an equally valuable goal is
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Cloze testComprehensionDiagnosticas
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16The Reading Teacher’s Sourceboo
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Figure 4. Guide to Reading Assessme
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instruction in these areas is not d
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It may be useful for teachers to ta
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6. Mark errors, including mispronun
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who can read it with only 82 percen
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Figure 8. Progress monitoring Track
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Figure 10. Categories of Secondary
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The steps Miss Lopez followed to fo
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promote use of ineffective strategi
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1st 10Minutes2nd 10 Minutes3rd 10 M
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Figure 15. Sample Instructional Seq
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By middle school, some students who
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• Statement of objective or purpo
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In summary, when presenting new inf
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Error-correction example (Carnine,
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Periodic Review/Multiple Opportunit
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Positive feedbackQuick pacing ofles
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Examples of scaffolding include but
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• You are following the steps of
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Page 76 and 77: Figure 18. Strategies Used by Effec
Page 78 and 79: taught to self-generate questions i
Page 80 and 81: and 1-2 “what” proper nouns.For
Page 82 and 83: about what you read. You’ll be ab
Page 84 and 85: Independent PracticeGrouping: Partn
Page 86 and 87: efore- and during-readingcomprehens
Page 88 and 89: Daily Review1. Preteach important p
Page 90 and 91: Guided PracticeGrouping: Whole clas
Page 94 and 95: Model and Teach1. Model creating
Page 96 and 97: Monitor Student LearningEach time s
Page 100 and 101: State Objective/PurposeTell student
Page 102 and 103: Independent PracticeGrouping: Partn
Page 104 and 105: during-reading sample lessonMental
Page 106 and 107: 3. Tell the students that you are g
Page 108 and 109: GeneralizationTeacher:Can anyone th
Page 110 and 111: during-reading sample lessonMain Id
Page 112 and 113: Why might a dominant person give an
Page 114 and 115: • After reading an additional par
Page 116 and 117: Figure 28. Sample Partially Complet
Page 118 and 119: during readingIdentifying Text Stru
Page 122 and 123: Description/CategorizationHow somet
Page 124 and 125: 2. Identify the overarching text st
Page 126 and 127: Figure 35. Sample Story Map.Adapted
Page 128 and 129: Figure 38. Sample Partially Complet
Page 130 and 131: Figure 42. Temporal Sequencing Exam
Page 132 and 133: Figure 49. Problem-Solution-Result
Page 134 and 135: State Objective/PurposeTeacher:Toda
Page 136 and 137: Teacher:Once we have underlined the
Page 138 and 139: Monitor Student LearningCheck that
Page 140 and 141: after-reading sample lessonWrap-up/
Page 142 and 143: Students:…him.b. Choral reading (
Page 145 and 146: Figure 53. Main Idea Log.MAIN IDEA
Page 147 and 148: Chapter 7Vocabularyterms to knowAca
Page 149 and 150: Figure 54. Which Words Do I Teach?W
Page 151 and 152: Here is a helpful checklist for pla
Page 153 and 154: • Have students keep a journal of
Page 155 and 156: PreparationPreview the text, lookin
Page 157 and 158: 4. If students have difficulty gene
Page 159 and 160: AFTER READINGGrouping: Partners1. W
Page 161 and 162: Independent Practice1. Before readi
Page 163 and 164: Figure 62. Sample Criteria Chart fo
Page 165 and 166: word knowledge sample lessonSemanti
Page 167 and 168: STATE OBJECTIVE/PURPOSETeacher:Toda
Page 169 and 170: Teacher:Now across the top, we are
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A finished chart may look like the
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Allow students to look at their cha
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Figure 71. Sample Vocabulary Writin
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Figure 73. Semantic Feature Analysi
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ObjectiveStudents will develop a de
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4. Model completing the Frayer Mode
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Student:If we don’t really unders
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word consciousnesssample lessonPrep
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2. Ask students to make (with partn
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Monitor Student LearningDuring the
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ObjectiveThe students will use prio
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For example, I might think, “I se
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GeneralizationTeacher:Did thinking
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Your completed chart might look lik
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• Decode words quickly and accura
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ObjectiveStudents will recognize th
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Write the meaning “to carry” un
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Independent PracticeGrouping: Partn
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Figure 82. Sample Word Part Clue Ev
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Figure 84. Common Suffixes.SUFFIX%
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word learning sample lessonUsing Co
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Materials• Types of Context Clues
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may consider developing sample sent
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Figure 91. Context Clue Strategy.1.
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Figure 94. Sample Context Clues Cha
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word learning sample lessonThe Voca
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Model and TeachGrouping: Whole clas
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Accept responses.raise your hand if
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Teacher:Today I am going to show yo
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4. Guide students through Step 3 of
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Chapter 8Fluencyterms to knowAutoma
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Figure 98. Accuracy Guidelines.Inde
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Partner ReadingAcknowledgmentsBased
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Partner Reading Routine1. Partner 1
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Practice, Practice, PracticeAllow s
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Progress MonitoringThe most efficie
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Chapter 9Word RecognitionAcknowledg
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What do students need to know about
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3. Read each word part. Remember th
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A sample sequence for teaching the
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It is expected that a comprehensive
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Word Analysis (WA) Instruction/Word
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.Vocabulary InstructionCharacterist
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Listening ComprehensionCharacterist
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Students Who Do Not RespondAdequate
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come to a word that you don’t kno
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word because it is made from the wo
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The next word is piano. Remember th
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word Recognition sample lessonThe M
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at the end of the word. Let’s rea
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Teacher:I’m going to show you how
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Point to “press”.Read the part.
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GeneralizationTeacher:How might you
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Part 4AppendixAppendix ContentsPlan
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Context Clue Strategy 361Types of C
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Planning Checklist for Implementing
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DEVELOP A SCHOOLWIDE PLAN FOR IMPLE
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Characteristics of Effective Reader
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Accuracy Guidelines# of words read
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Sample Instructional Sequence for R
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Guide to Adapting InstructionAdapta
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Previewing Planning SheetPLANNING S
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Level 1 “Right There” Questions
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Level 2 “Putting It Together” Q
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Level 3 “Making Connections” Qu
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Previewing and Questioning Learning
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Question Cards: Red (Front)Level 1
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Question Cards: Red (Back)Level 1
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Question Cards: White (Front)Level
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Question Cards: White (Back)Level 2
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Question Cards: Blue (Front)Level 3
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Question Cards: Blue (Back)Level 3
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MENTAL IMAGERY LOGTitle:Paragraph 1
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MAIN IDEA FORMName(s) _____________
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MAIN IDEA LOGTitle of passage: ____
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Signal WordsCause-EffectHow or why
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Identifying Text StructureIf the au
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Elements of Narrative TextExamples
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Elements of Expository TextExamples
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Story MapExposition:Conflict:Rising
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Main Idea WebMain IdeaThe Reading T
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K-L ChartKnowWhat do I already know
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Cause-Effect Chart (Herringbone)Cau
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Cause-Effect Chart (Semantic Map)Ca
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Cause-Effect Chart (Basic)The Readi
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Chronological Ordering/SequencingTh
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Temporal SequencingThe Reading Teac
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Compare/ContrastThe Reading Teacher
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Description (Web)word or ideaThe Re
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Description (Chart)The Reading Teac
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Problem-SolutionSolutionProblemSolu
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Problem-Solution-ResultProblemSolut
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Position-ReasonPositionReason 1Reas
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Semantic Feature Analysis GridConce
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Frayer ModelNonAdapted with permiss
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The Origins of EnglishIf this is th
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Word Part Clue Evaluation ChartWORD
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Common PrefixesPREFIX% of AllPrefix
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Common SuffixesSUFFIX% OF ALLSUFFIX
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Common Greek and Latin RootsROOT OR
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Context Clue Strategy1. Reread the
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Types of Context CluesType ofContex
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Guide for Context Clues PracticeUnf
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If you read a word that you do not
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Word _________________________Vocab
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Fluency ChartName:15014013012011010
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SyllableTypeSyllable TypesExamplesC
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Multisyllable Word Reading Strategy
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Guidelines for Reviewing a Reading
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Word Analysis (WA) Instruction/Word
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.Vocabulary InstructionCharacterist
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Comprehension InstructionCharacteri
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ReferencesAnders, P. L. & Bos, C. S
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Diamond, L., & Gutlohn, L. (2006).
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Kame’enui, E. J., & Carnine, D. W
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Rumelhart, D. E. (1980). Schemata:
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Vaughn Gross Center for Reading and
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Resourcesfor the Reading TeacherNOT
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Burns, P. C., & Roe, B. D. (2002).
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Moats, L. C. (2000). Speech to prin
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