The Reading Teacher's Sourcebook - The Meadows Center for ...

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In summary, when presenting new information, be sure to:• Be mindful of what you want your students to learn.• Connect new material to students’ prior knowledge.• Model and/or demonstrate the new strategy or skill.• Question the students’ understanding of the new material.• Monitor the students’ understanding and adapt instruction as needed.helpfulhabitDuring the modeling phase of instruction, try to assure that English language learnersand others with limited oral vocabularies are observing the teacher—not trying to listen,write, copy, and watch at the same time. Because of their limited English skills, theybenefit from having their full attention on the teacher.Guided PracticeGuided practice gives students the opportunity to demonstrate what they have learned with guidance fromthe teacher. It is important that Miss Lopez provides guidance while students work on their assignments—not wait until they are finished to check for accuracy. This is the time to give students helpful hints andclarify any misconceptions they might have (UTCRLA, 2003d). Providing this type of guidance whilestudents are working will ensure that students are practicing a skill or learning a concept correctly. Withoutguidance, some students will practice a skill incorrectly and, consequently, become confused. Whenstudents practice their mistakes, those mistakes become bad habits.An effective teacher provides scaffolding, or support, to students in the initial stages of learning a newstrategy or skill. Scaffolding allows students to apply a new strategy or skill in a safe environment byproviding specific support directly where assistance is needed.For example, if a student is having difficulty with the concept of asking questions during reading in orderto monitor his or her own comprehension, a teacher may scaffold by starting a question for the student (orstudents) and then having the student finish the question. For example, while reading text about the CivilWar, the teacher may start a question like the following:48Teacher:Where did Abraham Lincoln …Student or students:... give his speech?Through supported application of skills and strategies, a student will be able to reach the goal of mastery.Scaffolding will be discussed further in the following chapter, Delivering Effective Instruction.Guided practice should directly reflect the objective of instruction. During this time, Miss Lopez’s jobis to ensure that students have a clear understanding of the strategy or skill that has just been presented.Students who have problems remembering new material often benefit from practicing in a variety offormats and contexts. Teachers should ensure that students are given ample time to understand newconcepts before moving on to independent practice. Overall, students may need multiple opportunities topractice with guidance from the teacher.The Reading Teacher’s Sourcebook
This phase in the lesson is an excellent time to involve students in actively responding to questions.Student responses should guide the teacher in making decisions about how best to scaffold or supportstudent learning. In addition to providing extra practice opportunities, questioning can help teachers assessstudent progress and knowledge of concepts.Teachers can ask for the following kinds of responses:• Choral response: All of the students answer together.• Partner response: Students respond to a partner. Assign each student in a pair a number. “Ones telltwos why the character …”• Silent response: Students raise thumbs up or down to indicate whether they agree or disagree, orengage in some other silent response.• Individual selection: Pose a question to the whole class and then strategically select an individualstudent to answer the question. Remember to say the student’s name after the question so that allstudents think they might be called on and will rehearse an answer in anticipation of being selected.It is critical for students to practice correct responses. When a student gives a correct response, restatethe correct response and have the class repeat the correct response as well. This will give the students anopportunity to practice correct reading and responding. For example:Point to a word on the board.Or:Teacher:What is this word, Justin?Student:Island. (individual selection)Teacher:That’s right, island. Everyone, what is this word?Class:Island. (choral response)Teacher:What does it mean that he was elated, Sara?Student:It means he was very happy and excited.Teacher:That’s right, elated means very happy and excited. Everyone, what does elated mean?Class:Very happy and excited.During guided practice, it is essential to offer positive and corrective feedback, as appropriate. Whenstudents read a word incorrectly or give an incorrect response, they are essentially practicing and reinforcingthat incorrect response (Denton & Hocker, 2006). Positive and corrective feedback will be discussedfurther in the next chapter. One example of providing corrective feedback is given on the following page.The Reading Teacher’s Sourcebook 49
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Effective Instruction for Middle Sc
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Effective Instruction for Middle Sc
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ContentsForeword: A Schoolwide Appr
Page 7 and 8: Word Learning Sample Lesson:Teachin
Page 9 and 10: Position-Reason 345Semantic Feature
Page 11 and 12: Foreword:A Schoolwide Approachto Re
Page 13 and 14: Figure 2. A Schoolwide Reading Inte
Page 15 and 16: Tier I: Schoolwide Strategies and R
Page 17 and 18: Elements of Strategic InterventionI
Page 19 and 20: DEVELOP A PLAN FOR COLLECTING, MANA
Page 22 and 23: ehind, an equally valuable goal is
Page 24 and 25: Cloze testComprehensionDiagnosticas
Page 26 and 27: 16The Reading Teacher’s Sourceboo
Page 28 and 29: Figure 4. Guide to Reading Assessme
Page 30 and 31: instruction in these areas is not d
Page 34 and 35: It may be useful for teachers to ta
Page 36 and 37: 6. Mark errors, including mispronun
Page 38 and 39: who can read it with only 82 percen
Page 40 and 41: Figure 8. Progress monitoring Track
Page 44 and 45: Figure 10. Categories of Secondary
Page 46 and 47: The steps Miss Lopez followed to fo
Page 48 and 49: promote use of ineffective strategi
Page 50 and 51: 1st 10Minutes2nd 10 Minutes3rd 10 M
Page 52 and 53: Figure 15. Sample Instructional Seq
Page 54 and 55: By middle school, some students who
Page 56 and 57: • Statement of objective or purpo
Page 60 and 61: Error-correction example (Carnine,
Page 62 and 63: Periodic Review/Multiple Opportunit
Page 64 and 65: Positive feedbackQuick pacing ofles
Page 66 and 67: Examples of scaffolding include but
Page 68 and 69: • You are following the steps of
Page 70 and 71: Another aspect of motivation is rel
Page 72 and 73: their reading. It is helpful for an
Page 76 and 77: Figure 18. Strategies Used by Effec
Page 78 and 79: taught to self-generate questions i
Page 80 and 81: and 1-2 “what” proper nouns.For
Page 82 and 83: about what you read. You’ll be ab
Page 84 and 85: Independent PracticeGrouping: Partn
Page 86 and 87: efore- and during-readingcomprehens
Page 88 and 89: Daily Review1. Preteach important p
Page 90 and 91: Guided PracticeGrouping: Whole clas
Page 94 and 95: Model and Teach1. Model creating
Page 96 and 97: Monitor Student LearningEach time s
Page 100 and 101: State Objective/PurposeTell student
Page 102 and 103: Independent PracticeGrouping: Partn
Page 104 and 105: during-reading sample lessonMental
Page 106 and 107: 3. Tell the students that you are g
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GeneralizationTeacher:Can anyone th
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during-reading sample lessonMain Id
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Why might a dominant person give an
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• After reading an additional par
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Figure 28. Sample Partially Complet
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during readingIdentifying Text Stru
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Figure 31. Elements of Expository T
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Description/CategorizationHow somet
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2. Identify the overarching text st
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Figure 35. Sample Story Map.Adapted
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Figure 38. Sample Partially Complet
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Figure 42. Temporal Sequencing Exam
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Figure 49. Problem-Solution-Result
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State Objective/PurposeTeacher:Toda
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Teacher:Once we have underlined the
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Monitor Student LearningCheck that
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after-reading sample lessonWrap-up/
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Students:…him.b. Choral reading (
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Figure 53. Main Idea Log.MAIN IDEA
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Chapter 7Vocabularyterms to knowAca
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Figure 54. Which Words Do I Teach?W
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Here is a helpful checklist for pla
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• Have students keep a journal of
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PreparationPreview the text, lookin
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4. If students have difficulty gene
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AFTER READINGGrouping: Partners1. W
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Independent Practice1. Before readi
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Figure 62. Sample Criteria Chart fo
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word knowledge sample lessonSemanti
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STATE OBJECTIVE/PURPOSETeacher:Toda
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Teacher:Now across the top, we are
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A finished chart may look like the
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Allow students to look at their cha
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Figure 71. Sample Vocabulary Writin
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Figure 73. Semantic Feature Analysi
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ObjectiveStudents will develop a de
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4. Model completing the Frayer Mode
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Student:If we don’t really unders
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word consciousnesssample lessonPrep
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2. Ask students to make (with partn
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Monitor Student LearningDuring the
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ObjectiveThe students will use prio
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For example, I might think, “I se
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GeneralizationTeacher:Did thinking
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Your completed chart might look lik
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• Decode words quickly and accura
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ObjectiveStudents will recognize th
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Write the meaning “to carry” un
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Independent PracticeGrouping: Partn
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Figure 82. Sample Word Part Clue Ev
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Figure 84. Common Suffixes.SUFFIX%
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word learning sample lessonUsing Co
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Materials• Types of Context Clues
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may consider developing sample sent
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Figure 91. Context Clue Strategy.1.
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Figure 94. Sample Context Clues Cha
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word learning sample lessonThe Voca
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Model and TeachGrouping: Whole clas
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Accept responses.raise your hand if
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Teacher:Today I am going to show yo
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4. Guide students through Step 3 of
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Chapter 8Fluencyterms to knowAutoma
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Figure 98. Accuracy Guidelines.Inde
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Partner ReadingAcknowledgmentsBased
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Partner Reading Routine1. Partner 1
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Practice, Practice, PracticeAllow s
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Progress MonitoringThe most efficie
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Chapter 9Word RecognitionAcknowledg
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What do students need to know about
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3. Read each word part. Remember th
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A sample sequence for teaching the
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It is expected that a comprehensive
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Word Analysis (WA) Instruction/Word
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.Vocabulary InstructionCharacterist
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Listening ComprehensionCharacterist
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Students Who Do Not RespondAdequate
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come to a word that you don’t kno
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word because it is made from the wo
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The next word is piano. Remember th
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word Recognition sample lessonThe M
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at the end of the word. Let’s rea
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Teacher:I’m going to show you how
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Point to “press”.Read the part.
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GeneralizationTeacher:How might you
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Part 4AppendixAppendix ContentsPlan
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Context Clue Strategy 361Types of C
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Planning Checklist for Implementing
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DEVELOP A SCHOOLWIDE PLAN FOR IMPLE
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Characteristics of Effective Reader
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Accuracy Guidelines# of words read
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Sample Instructional Sequence for R
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Guide to Adapting InstructionAdapta
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Previewing Planning SheetPLANNING S
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Level 1 “Right There” Questions
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Level 2 “Putting It Together” Q
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Level 3 “Making Connections” Qu
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Previewing and Questioning Learning
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Question Cards: Red (Front)Level 1
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Question Cards: Red (Back)Level 1
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Question Cards: White (Front)Level
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Question Cards: White (Back)Level 2
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Question Cards: Blue (Front)Level 3
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Question Cards: Blue (Back)Level 3
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MENTAL IMAGERY LOGTitle:Paragraph 1
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MAIN IDEA FORMName(s) _____________
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MAIN IDEA LOGTitle of passage: ____
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Signal WordsCause-EffectHow or why
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Identifying Text StructureIf the au
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Elements of Narrative TextExamples
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Elements of Expository TextExamples
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Story MapExposition:Conflict:Rising
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Main Idea WebMain IdeaThe Reading T
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K-L ChartKnowWhat do I already know
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Cause-Effect Chart (Herringbone)Cau
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Cause-Effect Chart (Semantic Map)Ca
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Cause-Effect Chart (Basic)The Readi
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Chronological Ordering/SequencingTh
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Temporal SequencingThe Reading Teac
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Compare/ContrastThe Reading Teacher
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Description (Web)word or ideaThe Re
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Description (Chart)The Reading Teac
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Problem-SolutionSolutionProblemSolu
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Problem-Solution-ResultProblemSolut
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Position-ReasonPositionReason 1Reas
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Semantic Feature Analysis GridConce
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Frayer ModelNonAdapted with permiss
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The Origins of EnglishIf this is th
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Word Part Clue Evaluation ChartWORD
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Common PrefixesPREFIX% of AllPrefix
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Common SuffixesSUFFIX% OF ALLSUFFIX
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Common Greek and Latin RootsROOT OR
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Context Clue Strategy1. Reread the
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Types of Context CluesType ofContex
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Guide for Context Clues PracticeUnf
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If you read a word that you do not
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Word _________________________Vocab
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Fluency ChartName:15014013012011010
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SyllableTypeSyllable TypesExamplesC
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Multisyllable Word Reading Strategy
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Guidelines for Reviewing a Reading
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Word Analysis (WA) Instruction/Word
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.Vocabulary InstructionCharacterist
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Comprehension InstructionCharacteri
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ReferencesAnders, P. L. & Bos, C. S
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Diamond, L., & Gutlohn, L. (2006).
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Kame’enui, E. J., & Carnine, D. W
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Rumelhart, D. E. (1980). Schemata:
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Vaughn Gross Center for Reading and
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Resourcesfor the Reading TeacherNOT
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Burns, P. C., & Roe, B. D. (2002).
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Moats, L. C. (2000). Speech to prin
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