The Reading Teacher's Sourcebook - The Meadows Center for ...

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IntroductionComprehension, or understanding, is the ultimate goal of reading (NICHD, 2000). The goal ofinstruction in vocabulary, fluency, and word recognition, then, is to improve reading comprehension. Thenext sections include lessons to improve vocabulary, word recognition, and fluency skills. These skills areimportant and necessary because of their relationship to the ultimate goal: comprehension.Vocabulary InstructionËFluency InstructionËWord Recognition InstructionËComprehensionThe next set of lessons will focus on vocabulary instruction. This section will focus on reading vocabulary,or words in print that a student understands. Minimal vocabulary instruction is designed to support thereading of the text, whereas more elaborate instruction shifts the focus from the story to the words. Thistype of elaborate instruction is particularly important for English language learners (Stahl, 1999).In order to design effective vocabulary instruction for all students, it is important to know:• How to identify common, academic, and content-specific words.• How to choose words to teach.• How to plan for instruction.Word TypesIn their book Bringing Words to Life, Beck, McKeown, and Kucan (2002) suggest that a literate person’svocabulary consists of three tiers, or levels, of words. The first level, which we will call common words,includes the most basic words such as dog, go, happy, walk, etc. These words, especially in upper gradesand with native English speakers, do not normally require explicit instruction. The third level includescontent-specific words that are rarely seen or used. Content-specific words such as neptunium or sonata arebest taught when students need to know the word in order to understand what they are reading or duringa specialized lesson in a content area or elective class.Teachers should prioritize instruction to focus on academic words, or words that students will see oftenand use often in a variety of settings. (Examples include coincidence, pollution, neutral, and fortunate.)These words are particularly important for comprehending textbook material, literature, and academiclectures and conversations.138The Reading Teacher’s Sourcebook
Figure 54. Which Words Do I Teach?Which Words do I Teach?3-Tier VocabularyType Definition Examples InstructionCommon wordsBasic words usedoften in everydayconversationdoggohappydrinkThese words do notneed to be explicitlytaught, especiallyin upper gradeswith native Englishspeakers.phoneplayafraidAcademic wordsMore complex,frequently occurringwords in academicsettingscoincidencepollutionneutralfortunateTeach these words.Students will see anduse these words oftenin academic texts.admirepleadrepresentenvironmentcollaborateContent-specificwordsHighly specializedwords that arerelated to a specificdisciplinepogromquagmirelocutionpolyglotTeach these wordswhen a specific lessonrequires knowledgeof the word andunderlying concept.neptuniumsonataisoscelesnovaBased on Beck, I. L., McKeown, M. G., & Kucan, L. (2002). Bringing words to life: Robust vocabulary instruction. New York:Guilford.The Reading Teacher’s Sourcebook 139
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Effective Instruction for Middle Sc
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Effective Instruction for Middle Sc
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ContentsForeword: A Schoolwide Appr
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Word Learning Sample Lesson:Teachin
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Position-Reason 345Semantic Feature
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Foreword:A Schoolwide Approachto Re
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Figure 2. A Schoolwide Reading Inte
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Tier I: Schoolwide Strategies and R
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Elements of Strategic InterventionI
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DEVELOP A PLAN FOR COLLECTING, MANA
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ehind, an equally valuable goal is
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Cloze testComprehensionDiagnosticas
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16The Reading Teacher’s Sourceboo
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Figure 4. Guide to Reading Assessme
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instruction in these areas is not d
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It may be useful for teachers to ta
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6. Mark errors, including mispronun
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who can read it with only 82 percen
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Figure 8. Progress monitoring Track
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Figure 10. Categories of Secondary
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The steps Miss Lopez followed to fo
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promote use of ineffective strategi
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1st 10Minutes2nd 10 Minutes3rd 10 M
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Figure 15. Sample Instructional Seq
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By middle school, some students who
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• Statement of objective or purpo
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In summary, when presenting new inf
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Error-correction example (Carnine,
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Periodic Review/Multiple Opportunit
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Positive feedbackQuick pacing ofles
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Examples of scaffolding include but
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• You are following the steps of
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Another aspect of motivation is rel
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their reading. It is helpful for an
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Figure 18. Strategies Used by Effec
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taught to self-generate questions i
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and 1-2 “what” proper nouns.For
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about what you read. You’ll be ab
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Independent PracticeGrouping: Partn
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efore- and during-readingcomprehens
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Daily Review1. Preteach important p
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Guided PracticeGrouping: Whole clas
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efore- and during-readingcomprehens
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Model and Teach1. Model creating
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Monitor Student LearningEach time s
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Page 100 and 101: State Objective/PurposeTell student
Page 102 and 103: Independent PracticeGrouping: Partn
Page 104 and 105: during-reading sample lessonMental
Page 106 and 107: 3. Tell the students that you are g
Page 108 and 109: GeneralizationTeacher:Can anyone th
Page 110 and 111: during-reading sample lessonMain Id
Page 112 and 113: Why might a dominant person give an
Page 114 and 115: • After reading an additional par
Page 116 and 117: Figure 28. Sample Partially Complet
Page 118 and 119: during readingIdentifying Text Stru
Page 120 and 121: Figure 31. Elements of Expository T
Page 122 and 123: Description/CategorizationHow somet
Page 124 and 125: 2. Identify the overarching text st
Page 126 and 127: Figure 35. Sample Story Map.Adapted
Page 128 and 129: Figure 38. Sample Partially Complet
Page 130 and 131: Figure 42. Temporal Sequencing Exam
Page 132 and 133: Figure 49. Problem-Solution-Result
Page 134 and 135: State Objective/PurposeTeacher:Toda
Page 136 and 137: Teacher:Once we have underlined the
Page 138 and 139: Monitor Student LearningCheck that
Page 140 and 141: after-reading sample lessonWrap-up/
Page 142 and 143: Students:…him.b. Choral reading (
Page 145 and 146: Figure 53. Main Idea Log.MAIN IDEA
Page 147: Chapter 7Vocabularyterms to knowAca
Page 151 and 152: Here is a helpful checklist for pla
Page 153 and 154: • Have students keep a journal of
Page 155 and 156: PreparationPreview the text, lookin
Page 157 and 158: 4. If students have difficulty gene
Page 159 and 160: AFTER READINGGrouping: Partners1. W
Page 161 and 162: Independent Practice1. Before readi
Page 163 and 164: Figure 62. Sample Criteria Chart fo
Page 165 and 166: word knowledge sample lessonSemanti
Page 167 and 168: STATE OBJECTIVE/PURPOSETeacher:Toda
Page 169 and 170: Teacher:Now across the top, we are
Page 171 and 172: A finished chart may look like the
Page 173 and 174: Allow students to look at their cha
Page 175 and 176: Figure 71. Sample Vocabulary Writin
Page 177 and 178: Figure 73. Semantic Feature Analysi
Page 179 and 180: ObjectiveStudents will develop a de
Page 181 and 182: 4. Model completing the Frayer Mode
Page 183 and 184: Student:If we don’t really unders
Page 185 and 186: word consciousnesssample lessonPrep
Page 187 and 188: 2. Ask students to make (with partn
Page 189 and 190: Monitor Student LearningDuring the
Page 191 and 192: ObjectiveThe students will use prio
Page 193 and 194: For example, I might think, “I se
Page 195 and 196: GeneralizationTeacher:Did thinking
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• Decode words quickly and accura
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ObjectiveStudents will recognize th
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Write the meaning “to carry” un
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Independent PracticeGrouping: Partn
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Figure 82. Sample Word Part Clue Ev
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Figure 84. Common Suffixes.SUFFIX%
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word learning sample lessonUsing Co
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Materials• Types of Context Clues
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may consider developing sample sent
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Figure 91. Context Clue Strategy.1.
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Figure 94. Sample Context Clues Cha
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word learning sample lessonThe Voca
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Model and TeachGrouping: Whole clas
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Accept responses.raise your hand if
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Teacher:Today I am going to show yo
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4. Guide students through Step 3 of
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Chapter 8Fluencyterms to knowAutoma
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Figure 98. Accuracy Guidelines.Inde
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Partner ReadingAcknowledgmentsBased
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Partner Reading Routine1. Partner 1
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Practice, Practice, PracticeAllow s
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Progress MonitoringThe most efficie
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Chapter 9Word RecognitionAcknowledg
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What do students need to know about
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3. Read each word part. Remember th
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A sample sequence for teaching the
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It is expected that a comprehensive
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Word Analysis (WA) Instruction/Word
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.Vocabulary InstructionCharacterist
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Listening ComprehensionCharacterist
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Students Who Do Not RespondAdequate
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come to a word that you don’t kno
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word because it is made from the wo
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The next word is piano. Remember th
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word Recognition sample lessonThe M
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at the end of the word. Let’s rea
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Teacher:I’m going to show you how
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Point to “press”.Read the part.
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GeneralizationTeacher:How might you
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Part 4AppendixAppendix ContentsPlan
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Context Clue Strategy 361Types of C
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Planning Checklist for Implementing
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DEVELOP A SCHOOLWIDE PLAN FOR IMPLE
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Characteristics of Effective Reader
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Accuracy Guidelines# of words read
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Sample Instructional Sequence for R
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Guide to Adapting InstructionAdapta
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Previewing Planning SheetPLANNING S
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Level 1 “Right There” Questions
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Level 2 “Putting It Together” Q
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Level 3 “Making Connections” Qu
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Previewing and Questioning Learning
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Question Cards: Red (Front)Level 1
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Question Cards: Red (Back)Level 1
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Question Cards: White (Front)Level
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Question Cards: White (Back)Level 2
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Question Cards: Blue (Front)Level 3
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Question Cards: Blue (Back)Level 3
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MENTAL IMAGERY LOGTitle:Paragraph 1
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MAIN IDEA FORMName(s) _____________
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MAIN IDEA LOGTitle of passage: ____
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Signal WordsCause-EffectHow or why
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Identifying Text StructureIf the au
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Elements of Narrative TextExamples
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Elements of Expository TextExamples
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Story MapExposition:Conflict:Rising
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Main Idea WebMain IdeaThe Reading T
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K-L ChartKnowWhat do I already know
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Cause-Effect Chart (Herringbone)Cau
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Cause-Effect Chart (Semantic Map)Ca
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Cause-Effect Chart (Basic)The Readi
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Chronological Ordering/SequencingTh
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Temporal SequencingThe Reading Teac
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Compare/ContrastThe Reading Teacher
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Description (Web)word or ideaThe Re
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Description (Chart)The Reading Teac
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Problem-SolutionSolutionProblemSolu
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Problem-Solution-ResultProblemSolut
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Position-ReasonPositionReason 1Reas
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Semantic Feature Analysis GridConce
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Frayer ModelNonAdapted with permiss
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The Origins of EnglishIf this is th
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Word Part Clue Evaluation ChartWORD
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Common PrefixesPREFIX% of AllPrefix
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Common SuffixesSUFFIX% OF ALLSUFFIX
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Common Greek and Latin RootsROOT OR
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Context Clue Strategy1. Reread the
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Types of Context CluesType ofContex
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Guide for Context Clues PracticeUnf
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If you read a word that you do not
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Word _________________________Vocab
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Fluency ChartName:15014013012011010
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SyllableTypeSyllable TypesExamplesC
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Multisyllable Word Reading Strategy
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Guidelines for Reviewing a Reading
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Word Analysis (WA) Instruction/Word
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.Vocabulary InstructionCharacterist
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Comprehension InstructionCharacteri
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ReferencesAnders, P. L. & Bos, C. S
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Diamond, L., & Gutlohn, L. (2006).
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Kame’enui, E. J., & Carnine, D. W
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Rumelhart, D. E. (1980). Schemata:
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Vaughn Gross Center for Reading and
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Resourcesfor the Reading TeacherNOT
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Burns, P. C., & Roe, B. D. (2002).
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Moats, L. C. (2000). Speech to prin
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