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Figure 18. Strategies Used by Effective Readers.Before Reading During Reading After ReadingEstablish purpose for readingActivate backgroundknowledgeMake predictionsIdentify main ideas andsupporting detailsCreate mental images: “Make amovie in your head”Make inferencesReread or use “‘fix-up”’ strategieswhen they do not understandMake informed predictions/verify predictionsSummarizeMake inferencesVerify predictionsGenerate questions about thetextEvaluate text structureGenerate questions about thetextUse text structure as aframework for comprehensionMonitor understanding of wordsand use vocabulary strategiessuch as recognition of word partsand roots when they encounterunfamiliar wordsMonitor comprehension forunderstandingGenerate questions about thetextSummarize what was learnedto respond to the questionsAdapted with permission from University of Texas Center for Reading and Language Arts. (2003). Special education reading projectsecondary institute — Effective instruction for secondary struggling readers: Research-based practices. Austin, TX: Author.The comprehension lessons described in this book are organized in the following manner:Before, During, and After ReadingDuring ReadingAfter ReadingPreviewing Text and Question GenerationQuestion GenerationMental Imagery LogMain Idea StrategyIdentifying Text Structures and Using Graphic OrganizersSummarizing TextWrap-up/Main Idea Log66The Reading Teacher’s Sourcebook
efore- and during-readingCOMPREHENSION sample lessonPreviewing Textand Question GenerationAcknowledgmentsThe following question types are adapted with permission from Raphael, T. E., Highfield, K., & Au, K. H.(2006). QAR now. New York: Scholastic.The ideas and materials for previewing and question generation were adapted with permission frommaterials developed by the Teacher Quality Research Project through funding from the U.S. Departmentof Education’s Institute of Educational Sciences, grant contract number R305M050121A (Enhancingthe Quality of Expository Text Instruction and Comprehension Through Content and Case-situatedProfessional Development; D. Simmons, S. Vaughn, & M. Edmonds).The portion of this lesson on learning to ask and answer different types of questions is an adaptation ofthe Question-Answer-Relationship strategy (UTCRLA, 2003d; Blachowicz & Ogle, 2001; NRP, 2000;Raphael, 1986).introductionThe Question Generation Routine has two parts—previewing the text before reading and generatingdifferent kinds of questions during and after reading.When students preview text and learn to ask questions about what they read, they understand and learnmore from text. In particular, students benefit when, prior to reading, teachers: (a) preteach key wordsfeatured in the text and (b) identify the most important idea in the reading. For most text, this meansidentifying key names, places, or concepts that are important to understanding the text and preteachingthem.Question generation is one of the strategies recommended by the National Reading Panel (NICHD,2000) in its synthesis of the research on reading comprehension. Generating questions during readinghas been effective at improving the comprehension of students of all ability levels in grades 4–9 and incollege (Pressley et al., 1992; Rosenshine, Meister, & Chapman, 1996). Research has also demonstratedthat approaches to reading comprehension that include question generation improve the achievementof students with learning disabilities (Klingner & Vaughn, 1996; Palinscar & Brown, 1989; Therrien,Wickstrom, & Jones, 2006) and that English language learners benefit from efforts to improve theirability to generate questions during reading (Garcia, 2003; Francis et al., 2006). English language learnersThe Reading Teacher’s Sourcebook 67
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Effective Instruction for Middle Sc
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Effective Instruction for Middle Sc
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ContentsForeword: A Schoolwide Appr
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Word Learning Sample Lesson:Teachin
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Position-Reason 345Semantic Feature
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Foreword:A Schoolwide Approachto Re
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Figure 2. A Schoolwide Reading Inte
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Tier I: Schoolwide Strategies and R
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Elements of Strategic InterventionI
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DEVELOP A PLAN FOR COLLECTING, MANA
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ehind, an equally valuable goal is
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Cloze testComprehensionDiagnosticas
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Page 28 and 29: Figure 4. Guide to Reading Assessme
Page 30 and 31: instruction in these areas is not d
Page 34 and 35: It may be useful for teachers to ta
Page 36 and 37: 6. Mark errors, including mispronun
Page 38 and 39: who can read it with only 82 percen
Page 40 and 41: Figure 8. Progress monitoring Track
Page 44 and 45: Figure 10. Categories of Secondary
Page 46 and 47: The steps Miss Lopez followed to fo
Page 48 and 49: promote use of ineffective strategi
Page 50 and 51: 1st 10Minutes2nd 10 Minutes3rd 10 M
Page 52 and 53: Figure 15. Sample Instructional Seq
Page 54 and 55: By middle school, some students who
Page 56 and 57: • Statement of objective or purpo
Page 58 and 59: In summary, when presenting new inf
Page 60 and 61: Error-correction example (Carnine,
Page 62 and 63: Periodic Review/Multiple Opportunit
Page 64 and 65: Positive feedbackQuick pacing ofles
Page 66 and 67: Examples of scaffolding include but
Page 68 and 69: • You are following the steps of
Page 70 and 71: Another aspect of motivation is rel
Page 72 and 73: their reading. It is helpful for an
Page 78 and 79: taught to self-generate questions i
Page 80 and 81: and 1-2 “what” proper nouns.For
Page 82 and 83: about what you read. You’ll be ab
Page 84 and 85: Independent PracticeGrouping: Partn
Page 86 and 87: efore- and during-readingcomprehens
Page 88 and 89: Daily Review1. Preteach important p
Page 90 and 91: Guided PracticeGrouping: Whole clas
Page 94 and 95: Model and Teach1. Model creating
Page 96 and 97: Monitor Student LearningEach time s
Page 100 and 101: State Objective/PurposeTell student
Page 102 and 103: Independent PracticeGrouping: Partn
Page 104 and 105: during-reading sample lessonMental
Page 106 and 107: 3. Tell the students that you are g
Page 108 and 109: GeneralizationTeacher:Can anyone th
Page 110 and 111: during-reading sample lessonMain Id
Page 112 and 113: Why might a dominant person give an
Page 114 and 115: • After reading an additional par
Page 116 and 117: Figure 28. Sample Partially Complet
Page 118 and 119: during readingIdentifying Text Stru
Page 120 and 121: Figure 31. Elements of Expository T
Page 122 and 123: Description/CategorizationHow somet
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Figure 35. Sample Story Map.Adapted
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Figure 38. Sample Partially Complet
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Figure 42. Temporal Sequencing Exam
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Figure 49. Problem-Solution-Result
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State Objective/PurposeTeacher:Toda
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Teacher:Once we have underlined the
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Monitor Student LearningCheck that
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after-reading sample lessonWrap-up/
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Students:…him.b. Choral reading (
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Figure 53. Main Idea Log.MAIN IDEA
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Chapter 7Vocabularyterms to knowAca
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Figure 54. Which Words Do I Teach?W
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Here is a helpful checklist for pla
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• Have students keep a journal of
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PreparationPreview the text, lookin
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4. If students have difficulty gene
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AFTER READINGGrouping: Partners1. W
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Independent Practice1. Before readi
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Figure 62. Sample Criteria Chart fo
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word knowledge sample lessonSemanti
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STATE OBJECTIVE/PURPOSETeacher:Toda
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Teacher:Now across the top, we are
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A finished chart may look like the
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Allow students to look at their cha
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Figure 71. Sample Vocabulary Writin
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Figure 73. Semantic Feature Analysi
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ObjectiveStudents will develop a de
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4. Model completing the Frayer Mode
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Student:If we don’t really unders
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word consciousnesssample lessonPrep
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2. Ask students to make (with partn
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Monitor Student LearningDuring the
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ObjectiveThe students will use prio
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For example, I might think, “I se
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GeneralizationTeacher:Did thinking
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Your completed chart might look lik
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• Decode words quickly and accura
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ObjectiveStudents will recognize th
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Write the meaning “to carry” un
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Independent PracticeGrouping: Partn
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Figure 82. Sample Word Part Clue Ev
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Figure 84. Common Suffixes.SUFFIX%
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word learning sample lessonUsing Co
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Materials• Types of Context Clues
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may consider developing sample sent
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Figure 91. Context Clue Strategy.1.
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Figure 94. Sample Context Clues Cha
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word learning sample lessonThe Voca
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Model and TeachGrouping: Whole clas
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Accept responses.raise your hand if
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Teacher:Today I am going to show yo
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4. Guide students through Step 3 of
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Chapter 8Fluencyterms to knowAutoma
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Figure 98. Accuracy Guidelines.Inde
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Partner ReadingAcknowledgmentsBased
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Partner Reading Routine1. Partner 1
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Practice, Practice, PracticeAllow s
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Progress MonitoringThe most efficie
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Chapter 9Word RecognitionAcknowledg
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What do students need to know about
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3. Read each word part. Remember th
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A sample sequence for teaching the
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It is expected that a comprehensive
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Word Analysis (WA) Instruction/Word
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.Vocabulary InstructionCharacterist
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Listening ComprehensionCharacterist
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Students Who Do Not RespondAdequate
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come to a word that you don’t kno
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word because it is made from the wo
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The next word is piano. Remember th
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word Recognition sample lessonThe M
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at the end of the word. Let’s rea
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Teacher:I’m going to show you how
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Point to “press”.Read the part.
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GeneralizationTeacher:How might you
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Part 4AppendixAppendix ContentsPlan
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Context Clue Strategy 361Types of C
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Planning Checklist for Implementing
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DEVELOP A SCHOOLWIDE PLAN FOR IMPLE
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Characteristics of Effective Reader
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Accuracy Guidelines# of words read
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Sample Instructional Sequence for R
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Guide to Adapting InstructionAdapta
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Previewing Planning SheetPLANNING S
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Level 1 “Right There” Questions
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Level 2 “Putting It Together” Q
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Level 3 “Making Connections” Qu
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Previewing and Questioning Learning
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Question Cards: Red (Front)Level 1
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Question Cards: Red (Back)Level 1
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Question Cards: White (Front)Level
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Question Cards: White (Back)Level 2
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Question Cards: Blue (Front)Level 3
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Question Cards: Blue (Back)Level 3
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MENTAL IMAGERY LOGTitle:Paragraph 1
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MAIN IDEA FORMName(s) _____________
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MAIN IDEA LOGTitle of passage: ____
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Signal WordsCause-EffectHow or why
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Identifying Text StructureIf the au
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Elements of Narrative TextExamples
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Elements of Expository TextExamples
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Story MapExposition:Conflict:Rising
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Main Idea WebMain IdeaThe Reading T
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K-L ChartKnowWhat do I already know
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Cause-Effect Chart (Herringbone)Cau
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Cause-Effect Chart (Semantic Map)Ca
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Cause-Effect Chart (Basic)The Readi
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Chronological Ordering/SequencingTh
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Temporal SequencingThe Reading Teac
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Compare/ContrastThe Reading Teacher
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Description (Web)word or ideaThe Re
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Description (Chart)The Reading Teac
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Problem-SolutionSolutionProblemSolu
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Problem-Solution-ResultProblemSolut
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Position-ReasonPositionReason 1Reas
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Semantic Feature Analysis GridConce
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Frayer ModelNonAdapted with permiss
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The Origins of EnglishIf this is th
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Word Part Clue Evaluation ChartWORD
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Common PrefixesPREFIX% of AllPrefix
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Common SuffixesSUFFIX% OF ALLSUFFIX
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Common Greek and Latin RootsROOT OR
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Context Clue Strategy1. Reread the
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Types of Context CluesType ofContex
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Guide for Context Clues PracticeUnf
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If you read a word that you do not
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Word _________________________Vocab
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Fluency ChartName:15014013012011010
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SyllableTypeSyllable TypesExamplesC
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Multisyllable Word Reading Strategy
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Guidelines for Reviewing a Reading
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Word Analysis (WA) Instruction/Word
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.Vocabulary InstructionCharacterist
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Comprehension InstructionCharacteri
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ReferencesAnders, P. L. & Bos, C. S
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Diamond, L., & Gutlohn, L. (2006).
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Kame’enui, E. J., & Carnine, D. W
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Rumelhart, D. E. (1980). Schemata:
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Vaughn Gross Center for Reading and
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Resourcesfor the Reading TeacherNOT
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Burns, P. C., & Roe, B. D. (2002).
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Moats, L. C. (2000). Speech to prin
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