_______________________________________________________________________Key to some common eggplant problemsAffected General Specific symptom(s) Possible cause sectionplant part symptomseedling stem spot Dark spots may girdle seedling Early blight 8.2.2stems, resulting in rotting of stem,wilting and death of seedlingseedling stem spot Spots may girdle seedling stems Phomopsis rot 8.2.1resulting in wilt and deathseedling stem spot Brown, water-soaked spots on Damping-off 8.1.1seedling stems at soil lineseedling wilting Stunted growth, wilting Early blight 8.2.2seedling wilting Shriveling of stem at soil line Damping-off 8.1.1shoot wilting Wilting of a shoot, rest of plant looks Fruit and shoot borer 5.1healthyshoot wilting Shoots wilt, leaves are yellowishbrownThrips 5.6shoot holes Small holes in growing tips of a shoot Red ant 5.9stem hole Hole in a stem, shoot above wilts Fruit and shoot borer 5.1stem rot Soft, watery rot with white, moldy Sclerotinia stem rot 8.4.1growth on stems, stems can begirdledstem rot Hard black, irregularly shaped bodies Sclerotinia stem rot 8.4.1(sclerotia) form on the surface or inthe pith of the stemstem rot Stem is girdled, becomes rot, plant Sclerotinia stem rot 8.4.1wilts as a resultstem rot Stem is rotten at the soil line.Southern stem rot 8.4.2Sometimes white fungus mold and atfirst white, later brown, tiny sclerotia(fungus reproductive structures) areproduced on the stem near the soilline.stem rot Stem rot at soil level Basal stem rot 8.4.3stem spot Brown-black dry rot of lower stem of Damping-off 8.1.1seedlingstem spot Stem spots: circular and may contain Phomopsis rot 8.2.1pycnidiastem spot Dark-greenish, water-soaked spots at Root rot 8.1.2soil level which may girdle stemveins browning Stem centers and roots turn watersoakedBacterial wilt 8.3.1and later brownveins browning Vascular tissue of stems and rootsbecomes slightly brownFungal wilt 8.3.2165<strong>Eggplant</strong> Ecological Guide
____________________________________________________________________________Literature and Internet reference list11 LITERATURE <strong>AN</strong>D INTERNET REFERENCE LISTLiterature referencesAICAF (Association for International Cooperation of Agriculture and Forestry). 1995. Diseases of tropical vegetable crops. Tokyo,Japan.Alam, MM; Ahmad, M; Khan, AM, 1980. Effect of organic amendments on the growth and chemical composition of tomato,eggplant and chilli and their susceptibility to attack by Meloidogyne incognita. Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh-202001, India.Plant and Soil. 1980, 57: 2-3, 231-236.Asari, PAR; Thomas, MJ, 1975. On the use of lemongrass leaf infusion for the control of brinjal aphid. College of Agriculture,Vellayani, Kerala, India. Agricultural Research Journal of Kerala. 1974, publ. 1975, 12: 1, 77.Atwal, A.S. 1993. Agricultural pests of India and South-East Asia. Kalyani publishers, New Delhi, India.AVRDC (Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center), 1990. Vegetable production training manual. 447pp. Taipei,Taiwan.Balasubramani,V.; Swamiappan, M., 1994. Development and feeding potential of the green lacewing Chrysoperla carnea Steph.(Neur. Chrysopidae) on different insect pests of cotton. Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India. Anzeiger furSchadlingskunde Pflanzenschutz Umweltschutz. 1994, 67: 8, 165-167.Beevi, SN; Jacob, A, 1982. Susceptibility of different pests and plants to infection by Fusarium moniliformae var. subglutinans.Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Vellayani-695522, Kerala, India. Entomon. 1982, 7: 2, 235-236.Behera, TK; Narendra, Singh; Kalda, TS; Singh, N, 1999a. Genetic diversity in eggplant for resistance to shoot and fruit borer.Division of Vegetable Crops, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India. Indian Journal of Horticulture.1999, 56: 3, 259-261.Bernardo, EN; Taylo, LD, 1990. Preference of the cotton leafhopper, Amrasca biguttula (Ishida) for okra, Abelmoschus esculentus(Linn.), and eggplant, Solanum melongena Linn. Dep. of Entomology, Institute of Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture,University of the Philippines at Los Banos, Laguna, Philippines. Philippine Agriculturist. 1990, 73: 2, 165-177Black, L.L. 19??. Vegetable diseases, a practical guide. AVRDC, Taiwan.Bloksma, J. 1987. Ziekten en plagen in de biologische groenteteelt. Nationale raad voor Landbouwkundig Onderzoek, Den Haag,the Netherlands.Borah,RK, 1994. Influence of planting dates on the incidence of insect pests of brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) in a hilly area ofAssam. Regional Agricultural Research Station, Karbi Anglong, Diphu - 782 460, India. Journal-of-the-Agricultural-Science-Society-of-North-East-India. 1994, 7: 2, 209-211Borah,RK, 1995. Incidence of jassid and leaf roller in relation to time of brinjal planting in the hill zone of Assam. RegionalAgricultural Research Station, Assam Agricultural University, Diphu-782-460, Assam, India. Annals-of-Agricultural-Research.1995, 16: 2, 220-221CAB International, Wallingford, UK, 2000. Crop Protection Compendium, Global Module, 2 nd edition.CABI Bioscience-FAO, 2000. Vegetable IPM Exercise Manual*.CABI Bioscience. Whitefly ecology exercises – CABI Whitefly workshop, KL, Malaysia, Sept 2000*.Chaudhary, DR; Sharma, DK, 1999. Studies on bacterial wilt (Pseudomonas solanacearum E.F. Smith) resistance in Brinjal. HPKV,Regional Research Station, Bajaura, Kullu 175125, India. Indian Journal of Hill-Farming. 1999, 12: 1-2, 94-96.Chaudhary, OP; Kashyap, RK, 1987. Field fertilization vis-a-vis incidence of insect pests complex and marketable yield in the eggplant, Solanum melongena L. Dep. Entomology, Haryana Agric. Univ., Hissar 125 004, India. Giornale Italiano di Entomologia.1987, 3: 17, 413-420.Chiu, CH; Moore, A, 1993. Biological control of the Philippine ladybeetle, Epilachna philippinensis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), onsolanaceous plants by the parasitoid, Pediobius foveolatus (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), on Saipan. Northern Marianas College,Saipan, Mariana Islands 96950. Biological Control of Exotic <strong>Pest</strong>s in the Pacific. Proceedings of a Plenary Session andSymposium, XIX International Congress of Entomology, Beijing, June 1992. Micronesica. 1993, No. 4 suppl, 79-80.Choudhury, B.C. and Hoque, M.O., 1982. Control of root-knot nematode in brinjal seed beds by heat treatments. BangladeshJournal of Agricultural Research 7: p. 55-57Collingwood, E.F. et al, 1988. Vegetable production under arid and semi-arid conditions in tropical Africa. FAO Plant productionand protection paper no. 89.Copping, L.G. (editor), 1998. The biopesticide manual. First edition. British Crop protection Council, UK.Das, AK; Mitra, DK, 1999. Screening of brinjal varieties, lines and wild Solanum spp. for resistance to little leaf disease. NuclearResearch Laboratory, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110 012, India. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences.1999, 69: 10, 726-728.Das, MS; Patnaik, BH, 1970. A new host of the brinjal shoot and fruit borer Leucinodes orbonalis Guen, and its biology. OrissaCollege of Agriculture, Bhubaneswar, India. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 1970, publ. 1971, 67: 3, 601-603.Datar, VV, 1985. Effect of little leaf on root development of brinjal. Dep. Pl. Path., Marathwada Agric. Univ., Parbhani 431 402,India. Indian Phytopathology. 1985, 38: 1, 50-53.Date, H; Nasu, H; Hatamoto, M, 1994. Breakdown of resistance of eggplant rootstock (Solanum torvum Swartz) to bacterial wilt byhigh ambient temperature. Okayama Prefectural Agricultural Experiment Station, Sanyo-cho, Okayama 709-08, Japan. Annalsof the Phytopathological Society of Japan. 1994, 60: 4, 483-486.Dhingra, MR; Dhamdhere, SV; Rawat, RR, 1986. Natural enemies of Epilachna ocellata Redenbacher at Jabalpur (MadhyaPradesh). Dep. Entomology, Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi, Vishwa Vidyalaya, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India. Bulletin ofEntomology New Delhi. 1986, publ. 1989, 27: 2, 184-185.Doty, W.L., 1990. All about vegetables. Ortho books. Chevron chemical company.Duodu, YA, 1986. Field evaluation of eggplant cultivars to infestation by the shoot and fruit borer, Leucinodes orbonalis(Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in Ghana. Commonwealth Inst. Biol. Control, c/o Crops Res. Inst., PO Box 3785, Kumasi, Ghana.Tropical <strong>Pest</strong> <strong>Management</strong>. 1986, 32: 4, 347-349, 362, 366.FAO – FFS report: FFS on IPM in Tomato & Cabbage. Lao PDR. Project GCP/RAS/160/NET. Nov. 1998 – March 1999.FAO – FFS report: <strong>Integrated</strong> <strong>Pest</strong> <strong>Management</strong>. Cabbage Farmers Field School in Ban Thanaleng, Lao PDR, 1997-1998.166<strong>Eggplant</strong> Ecological Guide
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