Eggplant Integrated Pest Management AN ECOLOGICAL GUIDE

3.11.1 Working the soil .................................................................................................................. 373.11.2 Transplanting ...................................................................................................................... 383.11.3 Planting density................................................................................................................... 393.11.4 Mulching.............................................................................................................................. 393.12 PRUNING, RATOON CROPS, AND STAKING........................................................................................ 403.13 GRAFTING..................................................................................................................................... 413.14 WATER MANAGEMENT.................................................................................................................... 423.14.1 Drainage ............................................................................................................................. 423.14.2 Irrigation .............................................................................................................................. 423.15 INTERCROPPING AND TRAP CROPS ................................................................................................. 433.15.1 Intercropping and barrier crops........................................................................................... 433.15.2 Trap crops........................................................................................................................... 443.16 HARVEST AND POST-HARVEST........................................................................................................ 443.17 CROP ROTATION............................................................................................................................ 454 ECOLOGY OF INSECT PESTS AND NATURAL ENEMIES............................................................... 474.1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................. 484.2 INSECT ANATOMY .......................................................................................................................... 484.3 INSECT LIFE CYCLES ..................................................................................................................... 494.4 HOW CAN AN INSECT DAMAGE A PLANT? ......................................................................................... 514.5 PLANT COMPENSATION .................................................................................................................. 514.6 A PEST OR NOT A PEST INSECT…: HOW TO FIND OUT! ...................................................................... 534.7 THE FRIENDS OF THE FARMER ....................................................................................................... 544.8 NATURAL ENEMY EFFICIENCY ......................................................................................................... 554.9 MANAGING NATURAL ENEMIES........................................................................................................ 564.10 PURCHASE AND RELEASE OF NATURAL ENEMIES ............................................................................ 584.11 MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL ACTIVITIES FOR PEST INSECTS............................................................ 584.11.1 Use of insect netting ........................................................................................................... 584.11.2 Use of traps......................................................................................................................... 594.11.3 Use of threshold levels ....................................................................................................... 604.11.4 Use of botanical pesticides ................................................................................................. 614.11.5 Use of mineral based pesticides......................................................................................... 644.11.6 Use of soap......................................................................................................................... 644.11.7 Use of biopesticides............................................................................................................ 654.11.8 Use of chemical pesticides ................................................................................................. 654.11.9 WHO classification of pesticides......................................................................................... 664.11.10 Pesticides and health in IPM training.................................................................................. 674.11.11 Pesticide associated problems on insects and natural enemies ........................................ 685 MAJOR EGGPLANT INSECT PESTS ................................................................................................. 695.1 FRUIT AND SHOOT BORER - LEUCINODES ORBONALIS...................................................................... 705.2 EPILACHNA BEETLE - EPILACHNA SP. .............................................................................................. 765.3 RED SPIDER MITE - TETRANYCHUS SP............................................................................................ 795.4 JASSIDS / LEAFHOPPERS – SEVERAL SPECIES ................................................................................. 815.5 APHIDS - MYZUS PERSICAE / APHIS GOSSYPII.................................................................................. 835.6 THRIPS - THRIPS SP....................................................................................................................... 865.7 LEAFROLLER - EUBLEMMA (AUTOBA) OLIVACEA............................................................................... 905.8 WHITEFLY - BEMISIA TABACI........................................................................................................... 915.9 RED ANT - DORYLUS ORIENTALIS.................................................................................................... 946 MAJOR NATURAL ENEMIES OF EGGPLANT INSECT PESTS........................................................ 966.1 PREDATORS.................................................................................................................................. 976.1.1 Ladybeetles - Coccinellidae................................................................................................ 976.1.2 Ground beetles - Carabidae ............................................................................................... 986.1.3 Lacewings - Chrysopidae ................................................................................................... 996.1.4 Hoverflies - Syrphidae....................................................................................................... 1016.1.5 Spiders - Araneae............................................................................................................. 1026.1.6 Praying mantids - Mantodea............................................................................................. 1026.1.7 Predatory mites................................................................................................................. 1036.2 PARASITOIDS .............................................................................................................................. 1046.2.1 Trathala sp. ....................................................................................................................... 1066.2.2 Eriborus sinicus................................................................................................................. 106iiEggplant Ecological Guide