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"Frontmatter". In: Analysis of Financial Time Series

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328 VECTOR TIME SERIES8.5 UNIT-ROOT NONSTATIONARITY AND CO-INTEGRATIONWhen modeling several unit-root nonstationary time series jointly, one may encounterthe case <strong>of</strong> co-integration. Consider the bivariate ARMA(1, 1) model[x1t]−x 2t[ ][ ] [ ]0.5 −1.0 x1,t−1 a1t= −−0.25 0.5 x 2,t−1 a 2t[ ][ ]0.2 −0.4 a1,t−1, (8.29)−0.1 0.2 a 2,t−1where the covariance matrix Σ <strong>of</strong> the shock a t is positive definite. This is not aweakly stationary model because the two eigenvalues <strong>of</strong> the AR coefficient matrixare 0 and 1. Figure 8.7 shows the time plots <strong>of</strong> a simulated series <strong>of</strong> the model with200 data points and Σ = I, whereas Figure 8.8 shows that sample autocorrelations <strong>of</strong>the two component series x it . It is easy to see that the two series have high autocorrelationsand exhibit features <strong>of</strong> unit-root nonstationarity. The two marginal models<strong>of</strong> x t are indeed unit-root nonstationary. Rewrite the model as[ ][ ] [ ][ ]1 − 0.5B B x1t 1 − 0.2B 0.4B a1t=.0.25B 1 − 0.5B x 2t 0.1B 1 − 0.2B a 2tx1-10 0 10 20• •• ••• ••••• •• •••••• •••• • •• •••• • •• • • • • • • ••• •• • •••• • ••• ••• •••• • ••• •• • ••••••• • • •• •• •• • •• •••••• • •• •• • ••• • • •• •••• ••• • • •• • •• •• •• • • ••• •• • ••• •••• • •• • •• • •• • ••• • •••• • ••••• ••• •• • • •••• •• • • •• • •••••• ••0 50 100 150 200timex2-10 0 10 20•• • • • • ••• •• • ••••• • ••••• • ••••• •• •••• • • ••• • • • ••••• • • • • •• ••• ••• • • • ••• •• •• • • • • • •••• • ••• • • • • •• •• •• • • • • • • ••• • •• • • • •••• • •••• • • • •••• ••• • ••• ••• • • •• • • ••• • • ••• ••• • • • •• • •• • •• • •••••• •• •••••• •• ••• • • • •• ••••• • ••• • •• •0 50 100 150 200timeFigure 8.7. <strong>Time</strong> plots <strong>of</strong> a simulated series based on model (8.29) with identity covariancematrix for the shocks.

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