THE SIGNIFICANCE OF FAMILY FACTORS IN THE DECISION TO LEAVE THE DEFENCE FORCE 4112. <strong>Australian</strong> <strong>Defence</strong> <strong>Force</strong>, op cit, 1995, p.61.13. <strong>Australian</strong> <strong>Defence</strong> <strong>Force</strong>, op cit, 1995, p.62.14. Bowen, G.L., “Satisfaction with Family Life in the Military”,Armed <strong>Force</strong>s and Society, Vol 15, No 4, Summer 1989, 571-592, p.571.15. <strong>Australian</strong> <strong>Defence</strong> <strong>Force</strong>, op cit, 1995, p.62.16. <strong>Australian</strong> <strong>Defence</strong> <strong>Force</strong>, op cit, 1995, p.62.17. Smith, H., “Introduction”, in Smith, H. (Ed), Rewarding the<strong>Defence</strong> <strong>Force</strong>, <strong>Australian</strong> <strong>Defence</strong> Studies Centre, UniversityCollege, December 1987, p.xv.18. Moskos, C.C., “From Institution to Occupation: Trends inMilitary Organisation”, Armed <strong>Force</strong>s and Society, Vol 4, No1, November 1977, 41-50.19. Moskos, C.C., “Institutional/Occupational Trends in Armed<strong>Force</strong>s: An Update”, Armed <strong>Force</strong>s and Society, Vol 12, No 3,Spring 1986, 377-382, p.380.20. Moss, S., “Survey of the Military Profession”, in Moss, S.(Ed), Who Will Join? 4DF Recruiting Policy to the Year 2000,<strong>Australian</strong> <strong>Defence</strong> Studies Centre, University College,ADFA, Canberra, 21994, p.55.21. Whalley, R., Officer Resignation Survey (April 1988 to <strong>Aug</strong>ust1990), Research Report 9/91, 1st Psychological ResearchUnit, Department of <strong>Defence</strong>, Canberra, April 1991, p.5.22. Cotton, A .J., Rank Differences in Reasons for Discharge fromthe Army, Statistical Report 6/91, 1st Psychological ResearchUnit, Department of <strong>Defence</strong>, Canberra, April 1991, p.4.23. Bergin, A., “The Decision to Enlist”, in Moss, S. (Ed), op cit,1994, p.24.24. Department of <strong>Defence</strong>, op cit, May 1988, p.8.25. Weisse, U.J.A., op cit, June 1994, p.l9.26. Commonwealth Parliament, op cit, November 1988, p. Lxiii.27. Department of <strong>Defence</strong>, <strong>Australian</strong> <strong>Defence</strong> <strong>Force</strong> 1995Census: Public Report, Headquarters ADF, Canberra, 1995,p.4 and 10.28. Commonwealth Parliament, op cit, November 1988, p.8.29. Spurgeon, B., “The Service Family: Problems and Prospects”,in Smith, H. (Ed), The Service Family: Problems andProspects, Department of Government, Faculty of MilitaryStudies, University of New South Wales, Canberra, 1982,p.l5.30. Smith, H., “Introduction”, in Smith, H. (Ed), ibid, 1982, p. iii.31. Frowen, D.M., Military Family Support Issues in TTCPMember Nations, Technical Panel UTP-3, The TechnicalCooperation Program, November 1995, p.2.32. Jans, N.A., Careers in Conflict: Service Officers’ Careers andFamilies in Peace Time, Canberra College of AdvancedEducation, Canberra, 1988, p.l8.33. Downes, C., op cit, 1988, p.30.34. Commonwealth Parliament, op cit, November 1988, p.217.35. Downes, C., op cit, 1988, p.34.36. Indeed the Final Report of the ADF Families and DislocationStudy – Stage Two (Snider, G., <strong>Australian</strong> Institute of FamilyStudies, November 1993, p.xiii) reports general satisfaction ofthe typical ADF family with service life.37. Frowen, D.M, op cit, 1995, p.2.38. Segal, M.W., ‘The Military and the Family as GreedyInstitutions, Armed <strong>Force</strong>s and Society, Vol 13, No 1, 1986, 9-38.39. Ibid, p.l5.40. Jans, N.A., op cit, 1988.41. Jans, N.A. op cit, 1988, p.303.42. Bollen, l.D., Other Ranks Discharge Survey – The First Year,Research Note 3/88, 1st Psychological Research Unit,Department of <strong>Defence</strong>, Canberra, March 1989, p.10.43. Vernez, G.& Zellman, G.L., Families and Mission: A Reviewof the Effects of Family Factors in Army Attrition, Retentionand Readiness, Rand Corporation, Santa Monica, <strong>Aug</strong>ust1987, p.xi.44. Jans, N.A., “Issues in <strong>Australian</strong> Service Family Life – AnEmpirical Study”, in Smith, H. (Ed), Perspectives on theMilitary Career, Department of Government, Faculty ofMilitary Studies, University of New South Wales, Canberra,1985, s 80-81.45. Spurgeon, B., op cit, 1982, p.l746. Snider, G., op cit, November 1993, p.xiii.47. Segal, M.W., op cit, 1986, p.34.48. Frowen, D.M., op cit, 1995, p.2.49. Frowen, D.M., op cit, 1995, s 2-3.50. McAllister, I. & Smith, H., ‘Selecting the Guardians:Recruitment and Military Values in the <strong>Australian</strong> OfficerCorps’, <strong>Journal</strong> of Political and Military Sociology, Vol 17(Spring), 1989, 27-42, p.32.51. Vernez, G. & Zellman, G.L., op cit, <strong>Aug</strong>ust 1987, p.61.52. Downes, C.A., op cit. 1988, p.29.53. McAllister, I. & Smith, H., op cit, 1989, p.33.54. Wrigley notes that only 5-6% of the <strong>Australian</strong> Army Reservehas prior full-time military service, compared to 50-60% in theUS Army Reserve (Wrigley, A.K., The <strong>Defence</strong> <strong>Force</strong> and theCommunity, Report to the Minister for <strong>Defence</strong>, AGPS,Canberra, June 1990, p.330). More recently, and as reportedby Sigma Consultancy, only 25% of surveyed full-time Armypersonnel indicated that they would “probably” or “definitely”join the Reserve. The consultants had been asked to researchthis issue following concern regarding the low rate of transferto the Reserve. (Sigma Consultancy, Army Manpower ControlMechanisms Project – Stage III, March 1996, p.41. )55. Commonwealth of Australia, op cit, 1994, p. 65.BIBLIOGRAPHY<strong>Australian</strong> <strong>Defence</strong> <strong>Force</strong>, Serving Australia: The <strong>Australian</strong><strong>Defence</strong> <strong>Force</strong> in the Twenty First Century, Personnel PolicyStrategy Review Team, <strong>Defence</strong> Centre Canberra, 1995.Bergin, A., “The Decision to Enlist”, in Moss, S. (Ed), Who WillJoin? ADF Recruiting Policy to the Year 2000, <strong>Australian</strong><strong>Defence</strong> Studies Centre, University College, ADFA,Canberra, 1994.Bollen, l.D., Other Ranks Discharge Survey – The First Year,Research Note 3/88, 1st Psychological Research Unit,Department of <strong>Defence</strong>, Canberra, March 1989.Bowen, G.L., “Satisfaction with Family Life in the Military”,Armed <strong>Force</strong>s and Society, Vol 15, No 4, Summer 1989, 571-592.Commonwealth of Australia, Defending Australia – <strong>Defence</strong>White Paper 1994, AGPS, Canberra, 1994.Commonwealth Parliament, Personnel Wastage in the <strong>Australian</strong><strong>Defence</strong> <strong>Force</strong> – Report and Recommendations, JointCommittee on Foreign Affairs, <strong>Defence</strong> and Trade, AGPS,Canberra, November 1988.Cotton, A.J., Rank Differences in Reasons for Discharge from theArmy, Statistical Report 6/91, 1st Psychological ResearchUnit, Department of <strong>Defence</strong>, Canberra, April 1991Department of <strong>Defence</strong>, Second Submission to <strong>Defence</strong> Sub-Committee of the Joint Committee on Foreign Affairs,<strong>Defence</strong> and Trade lnquiry into “Personnel Wastage in the<strong>Australian</strong> <strong>Defence</strong> <strong>Force</strong>”, Canberra, May 1988.Department of <strong>Defence</strong>, <strong>Australian</strong> <strong>Defence</strong> <strong>Force</strong> 1995 Census:Public Report, Headquarters ADF, Canberra, 1995.
42AUSTRALIAN DEFENCE FORCE JOURNAL NO. <strong>125</strong> JULY/AUGUST <strong>1997</strong>Downes, C., High Personnel Turnover: The <strong>Australian</strong> <strong>Defence</strong><strong>Force</strong> is not a Limited Liability Company, Canberra Papers onStrategy and <strong>Defence</strong>, No 44, SDSC, ANU, Canberra, 1988.Frowen, D.M., Military Family Support Issues in TTCP MemberNations, Technical Panel UTP-3, The Technical CooperationProgram, November 1995.Jans, N.A., “Issues in <strong>Australian</strong> Service Life – An EmpiricalStudy”, in Smith, H. (Ed), Perspectives on the MilitaryCareer, Department of Government, Faculty of MilitaryStudies, University of New South Wales, Canberra, 1985.Jans, N.A., Careers in Conflict: Service Officers’ Careers andFamilies in Peace Time, Canberra College of AdvancedEducation, Canberra, 1988.McAllister, I. & Smith, H., “Selecting the Guardians:Recruitment and Military Values in the <strong>Australian</strong> OfficerCorps”, <strong>Journal</strong> of Political and Military Sociology, Vol 17(Spring), 1989, 27-42.Mobley, W.H., Employee Turnover: Causes, Consequences andControl, Addison-Wesley, Reading (Ma), 1982.Moskos, C.C., “From Institution to Occupation: Trends inMilitary Organisation”, Armed <strong>Force</strong>s and Society, Vol 4, No1, November 1977, 41 -50.Moskos, C.C., “Institutional/Occupational Trends in Armed<strong>Force</strong>s: An Update” Armed <strong>Force</strong>s and Society, Vol 12, No 3,Spring 1986, 377-382.Moss, S., “Survey of the Military Profession”, in Moss, S., (Ed),Who Will Join? ADF Recruiting Policy to the Year 2000,<strong>Australian</strong> <strong>Defence</strong> Studies Centre, University College,ADFA, Canberra, 1994.Segal, M.W., “The Military and the Family as GreedyInstitutions”, Armed <strong>Force</strong>s and Society, Vol 13, No 1, 1986,9-38.Sigma Consultancy, Army Manpower Control MechanismsProject – Stage III, March 1996.Smith, H., “Introduction”, in Smith, H. (Ed), The Service Family:Problems and Prospects, Department of Government, Facultyof Military Studies, University of New South Wales,Canberra, 1982.Smith, H., “Introduction”, in Smith, H. (Ed), Rewarding the<strong>Defence</strong> <strong>Force</strong>, <strong>Australian</strong> <strong>Defence</strong> Studies Centre,University College, December 1987.Snider, G., ADF Families and Dislocation Study – Stage Two.Final Report, <strong>Australian</strong> Institute of Family Studies,November 1993.Spurgeon, B., “The Service Family: Problems and Prospects”, inSmith, H. (Ed), op cit, 1982.Vernez, G. & Zellman, G.L., Families and Mission: A Review ofthe Effects of Family Factors in Army Attrition, Retention andReadiness, Rand Corporation, Santa Monica, <strong>Aug</strong>ust 1987.Weisse, U.J.A., A Theoretical Framework for Revising the<strong>Australian</strong> Army’s Exit Surveys, Research Report 1/94, 1stPsychological Research Unit, Department of <strong>Defence</strong>,Canberra, June 1994.Whalley, R., Officer Resignation Survey (April 1988 to <strong>Aug</strong>ust1990), Research Report 9/91, 1st Psychological ResearchUnit, Department of <strong>Defence</strong>, Canberra, April 1991.Wrigley, A.K., The <strong>Defence</strong> <strong>Force</strong> and the Community, Report tothe Minister for <strong>Defence</strong>, AGPS, Canberra, June 1990.Lieutenant Colonel Hodge is an Army Reserve officer currently serving with the Reserve Staff Group in Army Headquarters. Havingenlisted with 3 Psych Unit in 1972 and been commissioned with 12 Psych Unit in 1975, he subsequently served with OCTU2Training Group, Headquarters Training Command and I Psychological Research Unit before taking up his current posting. He iscurrently completing a Master of <strong>Defence</strong> Studies degree at the <strong>Australian</strong> <strong>Defence</strong> <strong>Force</strong> Academy.
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