The Physiology of Flowering Plants - KHAM PHA MOI

378 INDEXBromeliaceae 29bromeliads 30Bryonia 168bud 361axillary 182, 221dormancy 183bundle sheath 26, 26–28, 230, 237C see carbonC 3 cycle 22–23, 23, 26, 29, 237C 4 cycle 26–27, 27, 33, 35, 237, 237C 3 plants 22–24, 26, 28, 28, 29, 35, 37, 38C 4 plants 26, 26–28, 28, 29–30, 35, 37,38, 105, 129Ca 2+ see calcium ionCactaceae 29cacti 95, 96, 347, 362calcium 103, 336ion (Ca 2+ ) 103, 106, 112, 116, 118,199, 263, 295–296channels 199, 295, 360cellular concentration 22, 117,118, 199, 336oscillation 199, 200pumps 117as second messenger 103, 336oxalate 112, 333pectate 103sensitive dye see Fura-2sensitive protein see Cameleonproteincallose 136, 151, 153, 292, 295, 296callus 206, 213, 218, 292cultures 184, 206calmodulin 263, 336Calvin cycle see C 3 cycleCAM see Crassulacean acidmetabolismcambiumactivity 228cork 228, 242development 227fascicular 227interfascicular 227vascular 50, 227–228, 241Cameleon protein 199, 201Camellia sinensis see teacampion 308canola see oilseed rapecapillarity 77, 83, 85, 86Capsella bursa-pastoris see shepherd’spursecarbohydrate 28, 133, 138, 281oxidation 39photosynthetic product 23, 32respiratory substrate 39seed reserve 303see also starch; sugar;polysaccharidecarbon 9–11, 101cycle, in biosphere 9, 10, 22global store 11, 32, 34global turnover 11carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) 9–12concentration 12, 17, 19, 24, 25, 30,32, 36, 234–235, 310, 323diffusion 18–19, 20, 28, 38, 96fixation see photosynthesisradioactive ( 14 CO 2 ) 24, 26, 134carbonate 9, 11, 105carbonic anhydrase 26, 105-carotene 13, 353carotenoid 14, 17, 18, 182, 309, 337absorption spectrum 13carpel 285Casparian strip 74, 74, 75, 110–111castor bean 137, 139, 140, 293, 304catalase 16, 24, 104, 353cationsadsorption 107, 107–108exchange 107in soil 107cavitation 80–85, 84, 349cDNA see DNAcellcultures 163, 189, 206cycle 168, 207–211, 208, 210division 163, 184, 189, 205–206,207, 208, 209, 211, 213, 213,223–224, 227–228, 231,233–234, 239–241, 275,301–302, 308, 311asymmetric 233–234, 241, 292,301elongation 67, 181expansion 104, 163, 207, 213–218,225, 232, 308, 311, 320number 213, 213size 207cell wall 64, 79, 83, 84, 107, 109–110,155, 216, 225, 308, 354composition 103, 104, 105elasticity 215enzymes of wall metabolism 218,308, 309extensibility 62, 215, 232growth 214, 214–218, 216ingrowths 143, 301plasticity 215, 217, 309protein in 215secondary 71secondary thickenings 20, 71cellular differentiation 163–164,218–219, 232, 241gradient-dependent 218–219in meristems 224polarity and cell division 218–219position-dependent 218, 224, 226totipotency 206cellulase 214cellulose 215, 218, 295microfibrils 21, 214, 215, 216CEN (CENTRORADIALIS) gene 283centrifugation 80, 332, 332Cercidium see paloverdecereals 29, 34, 104, 183, 302, 304, 315,336Chamaegigas intrepidus 348chamise 69channels 116, 117ion 22, 118, 199, 232stretch-activated 336water see aquaporinschaperone protein 353, 366chaperonin 139Chara 333, 334, 334chemical potential of water (m w ) 96chemiosmosis 15chemotropism 295, 320Chenopodiaceae 29, 144Chenopodium album 230, 230, 246Chenopodium rubrum 273, 274cherry 309chilling injury 355, 357–358chilling stress see stress, lowtemperaturechloride (Cl ) 22, 105, 113, 115, 117,199, 354chlorine 105chlorophyll 14, 16, 25, 31, 33, 104,259, 309absorption spectrum 13, 13, 22, 252synthesis 104, 224, 247, 257chloroplast 18, 22, 24, 26, 26, 41, 104,211, 247, 257, 309, 349, 357, 360division 211–212, 212genome 264movement 338, 339structure 14, 15, 24, 211Cholodny–Went model of tropisms325, 326–327, 331chromatid 209