The Physiology of Flowering Plants - KHAM PHA MOI

INDEX 387tolerance 253, 260–263, 262signal transduction pathways 255,257, 259, 263–266, 266photon 13, 14, 16energy content 33flux density (PFD) 16–18, 25, 28photooxidation 16photoperiodism see floweringphotophosphorylation seephosphorylation, photosyntheticphotoreceptorsphotomorphogenesis 248photoperiodism 273, 280phototropism 337–341stomatal movement 339photorespiration 24–26, 25, 28, 35–36nitrogen cycle 26photosynthesis 9, 57, 322, 363action spectrum 13, 347CO 2 fixation 16C 3 cycle 22–23, 23, 26, 29, 237C 4 cycle 26–27, 27, 33, 35, 37,237, 237CAM 28–29, 33energy conversion efficiency 14,32–34, 33–34evolution 25, 30, 37global 11, 32, 38lightabsorption 12–13, 16, 34utilization 13–16, 33limiting factors 17, 19, 30–32, 34,349pigments 12–13productivity 33–34improvement 34–36rate 16, 17, 18, 21, 23, 28, 29, 30–32,35, 37, 38, 138, 360, 360photosynthetically active radiation(PAR) 12, 16, 33, 34, 247photosystem I 14, 15photosystem II 14, 15, 349, 363phototropin 248, 337–341, 338hototropism 320, 323, 324–326, 327,336, 336–341, 340action spectrum 337, 337irradiance effects 336–337perception 337–341photoreceptors 337–341see also phototropinpresentation time 337reaction time 337reciprocity 337phragmoplast 209PHY (phytochrome) genes 254–265,259, 261, 265hy mutants 254–255phyllotaxis 222, 222, 222, 223,226, 232phytin 307phytochrome 248–252, 258, 260, 322absorption spectrum 250, 250, 258,263in flowering 273in germination 249, 258–267, 314HIR, high-irradiance response251–252, 252, 253, 259, 260,265LFR, low-fluence response 249–250,253, 258, 258, 260, 273, 340localization 265multigene family 254–255phi () 251, 251photoreversibility 249photostationary state 251P R –P FR conversion 248–249, 249,250, 252, 264in phototropism 319structure 248, 263, 264VLFR, very-low-fluence response250–251, 258, 258, 265phytoextraction 130phytomer 221, 277, 277, 283Pi see phosphate, inorganicPI (PISTILLATA) gene 288, 290PI protein 290PIF3 protein 263, 265, 266PIN1 gene 330pin 189, 330PIN protein 330–331pine 122, 357see also Pinuspineapple 30Pinus longaeva 165Pinus radiata 284Pinus strobus 357Pisum sativum 125, 166, 281, 302, 331,335, 357Pisum sp. see peapith cells 165pits, cell wall 71, 83, 84plagiotropic reactions 321–322plantbreeding 54, 184–185, 305, 307communities 38distribution 29, 344, 355Plantago major 54plasmalemma see plasma membraneplasma membrane (plasmalemma)22, 74–75, 108–110, 113, 114,115, 136, 142, 199, 215, 232, 335,336, 358intrinsic proteins (PIP) 67permeability 66–67receptors 195, 196stress effects 349, 350plasmid 185–186plasmodesmata 26, 74, 74, 135, 136,138–139, 142–144, 146exclusion limit 136, 138–139, 144,146plasmolysis 63, 64, 65, 66plasticity of cell wall 215, 217, 309plastid 41, 135, 136, 211, 305division 211see also chloroplastplastochron 221, 237Poaceae 20, 29, 302, 304polar nuclei 294polar transport 330–331polarity 218–219, 294, 333pollen 297–299formation 106, 291–293, 292,299–300germination 295, 297grains 184, 280, 285, 292, 293, 293,300sac 285, 292tube 295, 295–296, 296, 298growth rate 168, 168–169, 295wall 292, 295pollination 48, 292, 294, 295–301cross 296, 299self 299Polygonatum multiflorum 323polymer trap 144, 144polyols (sugar alcohols) 137, 352, 353,361polyploidy 126, 206–207, 207, 209,224polysaccharides 10, 39, 215poplar 144poppy 298, 308, 322Populus deltoides 144Populus tremula see aspenPopulus trichocarpa 254porters 116, 117, 117post-transcriptional gene silencing190potassium 103ion (K + ), 22, 104, 109, 109, 113, 114,115, 120, 116–121, 138, 154, 198