Hygiene Promotion - IRC International Water and Sanitation Centre

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4. Making hygiene promotion more effective4.1 Approaches to hygiene promotionHow can we judge the effectiveness of hygiene promotion? A useful general goal is:Effective hygiene promotion reduces the main risky hygiene practices and conditions forwomen, children and men. It does so in a measurable way, to a significant level, in a presetperiod and within available resources.Look at the TOP Resources to see what others have done or are recommending as waysof achieving this goal. For more specific examples of case studies in your region ofinterest, look at Case Studies by Region. Read on for a summary of approach options inhygiene promotion, focusing either on long-term capacity building programmes for selfplannedand managed locally specific hygiene improvements or shorter-time andwidespread programmes with limited and shared objectives.Although there are many variations in hygiene approaches, many can be groupedsomewhere on a continuum as depicted in the table below. In practice, few programmeswill be at either extreme of the continuum, but use elements from both strategies,depending on what they want to achieve, with what means and over what period.Table 2: Continuum of approaches to hygiene promotionShort term intensiveLong term broadFew and identical objectives for large populations Number and type of objectives more diverse andmay be set locallyEmphasises mass implementation using mass Emphasises community capacity building for selfimplementation.Programme agency or agencies aremedia and personal contacts by promotersin charge.Communities are in charge, ‘own’ their localprogramme incl. under outside programmeTargets specific improvements of specific groups Programmes to improve income, sanitationprovision, situation of women, housing, skill training.The model was first described by John Hutley in1993.Programme has carried out formative research Formative research by community membersSpecific skills requirements are communication Specific skills requirements are communityand marketingorganisation and gender and poverty sensitiveapproachesRequires research for design and baseline and Requires field staff who can visit regularly andperiodic access and impact studies and periodic compare results against cost over long periodsadjustment of longer-term campaignsCosts can sometimes be shared with the local Little information about cost-effectiveness asprivate sectorcompared with shorter, subject specific programmesSubject, scope and community control20 Hygiene promotion
Guides for developing hygiene promotion programmes that are closer to the left end of thescale are those by Curtis and Kanki (1998) and Favin et al (2004) and closer to the righthand side (Harvey et al, 2002) can be found at the following websites:http://www.unicef.org/programme/wes/pubs/hyg/hyg.htmlhttp://www.ehproject.org/PDF/Joint_Publications/JP007-CIMCIProcessGuideWeb.pdfhttp://www.mvula.co.za/resources/reports/Guide_for_Participatory_Appraisal,_Monitoring_and_Evaluation.pdf4.2 Universal hygiene promotion programmes with a limitednumber of common objectivesSometimes, governments or others concerned with inadequate hygiene want to target afew crucial conditions and practices that have a great impact on health. This may forexample be handwashing with soap, or effective soap-substitutes, at critical times to lowerthe mortality and morbidity from faecal-oral diseases. Or it could be frequent washing ofeyes to reduce the number of eye-infections and bring down the percentage of people whobecome blind.Hygiene promotion programmes that promote a few selected hygiene changes in a limitedtime have been called public health communication programmes because of their strongfocus on two-way communication. They are also sometimes called social marketingbecause they make use of marketing principles and strategies to achieve social goals. Fora more detailed description, and an example of this approach used in Guatemala, read theWHO publication New directions for hygiene and sanitation promotionhttp://w3.whosea.org/rdhome/rdspeech/314envt.htmIt is also instructive to read The Silent Murderer. It describes the promotion programme inWest Bengal to prevent poisoning from drinking handpump water contaminated witharsenic, which achieved very wide publicity. Another initiative is the Global Public-PrivatePartnership to Promote Handwashing. In this partnership, local soap industries andsupport organisations in the water, sanitation and hygiene sector collaborate to promotethe use of cheap soap for handwashing. A first campaign was held in Central America.New campaigns are now planned in Ghana and Kerala, India. More information is availablehere http://www.wsscc.org/dataweb.cfm?edit_id=57&CFID=897367&CFTOKEN=13979283or ask for more information from the Water Helpdesk in the World Bank,whelpdesk@worldbank.org.Public health communication aims to have a positive influence on the health conditions andpractices of large populations. It reaches out directly to individual households and personsin these households through a combination of mass media and interpersonal contacts.The key principles are debated in the McKee references already described in chapter 4.One of the most important elements is limiting the target condition or practices.IRC International Water and Sanitation Centre 21
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Page 57 and 58: Hygiene Behaviour Network, in Globa
Page 59 and 60: WHO - World Health Organizationhttp
Page 61 and 62: Tel: (703) 247-8730Fax: (703) 243-9
Page 63 and 64: Manila, PhilippinesTel: +632 911-57
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Page 67 and 68: TOP ReferencesBoot, Marieke T. and
Page 69 and 70: TOP Quiz on Hygiene PromotionTry it
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Then you may decide that this paper
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Appendix 1. Hygiene promotion manua
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2. Target specific audiences.These
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Appendix 4. WASH facts and figures1
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Research)18: (IHE Newsletter, Janua
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Appendix 6. Preventive measuresMeas
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Appendix 8. Some key objectives for
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Appendix 9. Participatory tools and
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Appendix 10. The PHAST approachFor
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Planning techniques are used to sim
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While sensitive topics are often be
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About IRCIRC facilitates the sharin
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