Hygiene Promotion - IRC International Water and Sanitation Centre

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green and with contaminated water red and encourages users to use only green pumps fordrinking water. This is harder than it seems because green pumps may be at a greaterdistance, in another neighbourhood and/or belong to another household or households.Sharing is further complicated by greater crowding, longer waiting, more wear and tear andmore frequent breakdowns, and differences in class and castes.Frequently washing of children’s eyesSkin and eye infections are especially common in arid areas. Both have health as well associo-economic consequences. Washing more often can greatly reduce their spread. Arestricting factor is that where water is scarce, using it frugally is a value, a norm and ahabit. Young mothers who start washing their children’s faces more often risk to becriticised by mothers-in-law, other women and husbands for ‘wasting’ water. A trachomaprevention programme in Tanzania used children’s face washing competitions for mothers,mothers-in-laws and fathers to learn through practice that much less water was neededthan thought. With one litre of water, mothers managed to wash 30-35 faces of children,fathers 12 (McCauley et al., 1990, 1992).Social marketing for handwashing in Central AmericaA handwashing promotion programme in Guatemala found that parents saw clean childrenas more attractive and happier. Handwashing was considered good, but enabling factorswere lacking. Soap, water and towels were scattered. Handwashing placed demands onmothers’ scarce time and energy and the family’s resources. Mothers were interested inhygiene education. They wanted short sessions and information materials in their ownlanguage and Spanish. Approval from fathers was crucial because they objected to higherwater bills.The project introduced a ‘happy corner’ for handwashing in the home and spreadinformation to mothers on proper ways of washing hands. Fathers and children had ownmessages to reinforce the desired behaviours (Booth & Hurtado, 1992). In a secondcampaign, a catalyst (in this case a bilateral project) brought together the governments(which wanted to reduce diarrhoeas) with the private sector (the soap companies) in fivecountries. The campaign promoted proper practices (1:washing both hands 2:with soap3:rubbing at least three times 4: dry with a clean towel) at critical times (1:before foodpreparation 2: before eating 3: after toilet use 4: after cleaning babies’ bottoms).Targeted were mothers in rural areas with low levels of education and socioeconomicstatus having children under five and primary schoolchildren from these families. Radioand television spots were the main media. In the evaluation, one in every three peoplecould recall the campaign. This was less for rural and indigenous groups. In the beforeafterstudy in Guatemala, with an estimated outreach to 1,5 million children alone, theability to mention all critical times and demonstrate the four proper practices increased by10%., especially in urban areas. Again, a ‘dedicated place’ for handwashing supportedgood practice. Changes in the other countries were more modest (Saadé et al., 2001).84 Hygiene promotion
Appendix 9. Participatory tools and techniquesThere are lots of participatory tools/techniques available to help guide the process. Threeof the most popular approaches (overlapping rather than competing) are:PHAST (Participatory Hygiene and Sanitation Transformation) developed in Eastern andSouthern Africa in the mid-late 1990s and specifically focused on toolkits for programmesto bring about behavioural change in hygiene and sanitation.SARAR (Self-esteem, Associative strength, Resourcefulness, Action planning,Responsibility) stimulates involvement in community-based activities of all kinds, not onlyby the more prestigious and articulate participants (such as community leaders or seniorstaff), but also by the less powerful, including non-literate community members.PRA (Participatory Rural Appraisal) a generalized description which covers a wide range oftechniques especially aimed at involving communities in decision-making and selfassessmentand in the development of stakeholder partnerships.Other useful tools or activities are:A focus group discussionA skilled facilitator assembles representative groups from the community and creates anatmosphere where individuals feel free to express opinions openly on topics such as theenvironmental problems caused by excreta and how they can be mitigated. The facilitatoris armed with key questions, but the conclusions emerge from the groups’ opendiscussions and lead to ideas for action. Focus groups are helpful in the formativeresearch phase, identifying the target practices and key messages for the different groups.A neighbourhood social mapIn open meetings, local women and men have made a social map of their whole settlement(in small communities) or neighbourhood (in large communities). The techniques useddepend on the levels of development. People draw in the soil, they fingerpaint or draw onpaper, or use cut-and paste techniques. Techniques that require implements such as pensand scissors are less suitable for people without or with low literacy, often the women andthe poor. Mapping can be used for many things, from what kind of families have and usewhat types of latrines, water sources or hygiene related skills to whether women and menfrom different classes and sections have equal access to education and training.A transect walkA local team of women and men systematically walks through a cross-section theirsettlement, reviews good and bad situations and note these in their cross-section diagram.IRC International Water and Sanitation Centre 85
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Please note that the TOPs are a web
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1. Hygiene PromotionWhat do you kno
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2. Why hygiene promotion matters2.1
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• The costs of inaction can be hi
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3. Learning from experiences and re
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• Hygiene Improvement Framework (
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groups, and facilitators of partici
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The diagrams are taken from McKee
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• Food, utensils and food prepara
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Guides for developing hygiene promo
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• What may prevent this change in
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areas, slabs and sanplats for latri
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often not taken seriously and their
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IIIIIIIVVInputsProcOutpEffectiImpae
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over for reasons of hierarchy, e.g.
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Page 51 and 52: Harvey, Eric, Shadrack Dau, Alana P
Page 53 and 54: programmes more effective. The obje
Page 55 and 56: scale. Comparison is on approach, l
Page 57 and 58: Hygiene Behaviour Network, in Globa
Page 59 and 60: WHO - World Health Organizationhttp
Page 61 and 62: Tel: (703) 247-8730Fax: (703) 243-9
Page 63 and 64: Manila, PhilippinesTel: +632 911-57
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Page 67 and 68: TOP ReferencesBoot, Marieke T. and
Page 69 and 70: TOP Quiz on Hygiene PromotionTry it
Page 71 and 72: Question 4All the interventions wil
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Page 75 and 76: Appendix 1. Hygiene promotion manua
Page 77 and 78: 2. Target specific audiences.These
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Page 81 and 82: Research)18: (IHE Newsletter, Janua
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